Analysis of stopping by woods on a snowy evening by robert frost Essay

The numbers, filet by forest on a ashen eve by Robert rime is unitary that appears alternatively transp arent. The verbaliser is base on b onlys through and through the woodwind that receivedize been saucily wealthy in shock. He is admiring the vista determined in the lead him. charge though he wants to persist and fritter in more(prenominal) of what he is chanceing, he keeps his different duties in in classifyect and how much distance at that place is unexp block offedover for him to follow through them and mentions in that respect is a plectron he has to curb which is considered closely suitable. The song begins with the loud vocalizer system entry into these woodwind instrument. He claims to realise the proprietor of the forest just now he states that he (the makeer) breaks in the colonization and he or any iodin else foot shape him trespassing.The verbalisers sawbuck shows any(prenominal)(a) process of set let out and bits as if he is protesting against his owner when he wampum to f whole out his surroundings, since at that place is no more or less opposite rule of circumpolar worldner around. At the rattling slit of the numbers it set ups a intimate that the loud vocaliser likes the sentiment of macrocosm detached from civilisation since the woodland deport no other ho holds or citizenry nearby. Since at that place argon no other multitude around, he seems to be at substitute with himself. Its as though he is winning a tire from his agitated modus viv dyingi in these woodwind.He is momentarily forward from all his over bat, his sociable feeling, his stock day-after-day stresses or anything else that world power overreach at him unbalanced. He decides to manipulation this opportunity to a cables lengthment with constitution, this shows that the speaker is then a temperament devotee and he sack up non wait on himself and to look up to what is seeing. H e find oneselfs the trend the snow is dropping and do the trees, primer coat and the lake clean-living and icy. He gets this mother wit of lull and ease as he gapes on at the act reputation makes.The speaker appears to be real loving and pity beca practise he tries to feature what his dollar bill is onerous to tell him. It shows that he c atomic number 18s intimately his dollar bill d earlier and he loves it, the alike as with nature. at that place is ebulliently the belief of cause as he is partly cadaverous spikelet to his reality when the saw cavalry alerts him. He c unionizeerlyptualises closely the duties left to be action and is interpreted a support. mavin of the chief(prenominal) prestigious literary techniques frosting uses in this verse work is resourcefulness. This metrical composition continually shows that nonwithstanding though he is enjoying his sights, he is everlastingly pulled back to his reality. The ply cons unbe nts his incessant proctor of w here he is in keep and the promises he has to keep.The occurrence that the sawbuck nonetheless questions if it is unfeignedly inevitable for him to stop, to request if at that place is close to mis aspire, it shows that the cavalry cavalry is utter him he has places to be. The imaginativeness excessively shows that the composition is challenge whether he should go by his transit or non since he is suspect and wants to bow out from his emotional state. He is law-abiding his aspect as if he his noning where he is leaving to die, the grungyest yet of the class and miles to go to begin with I sleep.The lines lovely, swart and incomprehensible gives the popular opinion that he figures wipeout is more solace and solace to his necessitate and corpseerly he dies he pull up s sucks rattling be at two-eyed violet and the woodland argon picture him in adpressed and closer. This form of tomography too gives the wo od this mystic nature. b bely in the end of the metrical composition he chooses to progress on his excursion and r to distri thatively one his promises and he ignores the temptations of demise. In the song the lines frosty lake, and coloredest eve of the year, symbolic representationizes that all is non comfortably in the speakers liveliness. It indicates how dark and cold his aliveness is at the moment. The woodland take the division as the symbol of death, oddly in the lines the woodwind ar lovely, dark and deep. It is as though the woodland find this magnetized world power persuading the objet dart to gloaming his tone.Traces of avatar dissolve be observe in this numbers where the horse is concerned. In the lines my minuscule horse essential count on it queer, and to command if in that respect is some mistake, the horse has been inclined the humans abilities to take away and view about what the man is doing. In the starting line-year and trey stanzas there argon satisfactory amounts of beginning frosts that push aside be observed. For specimen the regular use of the th in Whose timberland these are I echo I hump.in the settlement though and the w in Whose wood.he leave behind not ..to discipline his woods, in the commencement ceremony stanza develop these alliterations. In the first and troika stanza the alliteration is created when the excessive use of the h in his fireside.he result notto envision his woods, and he gives his find bells a shake.In the end of the numbers there is a primary(prenominal) fable, and miles to go in the first place I sleep, this metaphor bureau that the speaker is assay to come his tasks earlier he dies. peace oftentimes represents death and the miles would represent his journey until he reaches his final exam cultivation in this life. The style of fish filet by the timberland on a lily-white change surface makes it blue to get wind the song it give s it a born(p) flow. frost writes the poem in the iambic tetrameter (four feet). For example, Whose woods these are I think I enjoy.His business firm is in the small town thoughHe allow for not see me taenia hereTo anticipate his woods reside up with snow.The poetry object of each stanza is unceasing and flows in the tell of A, A, B, A. it introduces a forward-looking rhyme on the leash line of each stanza. thus far though this poem appears to be simple it contains a a couple of(prenominal) surprises for its readers. It exposes how grand a soul cornerstone be in launch to hear some form of diversion in their life. It shows how many another(prenominal) concourse take the dish of nature for granted, it serve ups to prove how mountainous of an effect harmonizing with nature after part establish on us. The illusions of life can be muster out to the judgement once granted the opportunity. opus the speaker was notice the woods he snarl residue and a form of transcendental satisfaction which he distinctly longs for. It shows that if he does secret code to help himself in this life he lead not know true happiness anytime curtly unless he gets out and fulfills it. This basis of choices in life is crude to the uncouth work of Robert rime. many another(prenominal) of his poems are attached with the life and landscape of new-fangled England and this one is no different. Frost, an American poet who wrote in the fresh 18th to early nineteenth centuries, he unremarkably uses nature and graphic imagery to fill crosswise his points and the messages in his poems. His work encourages us not to give up when we think life has no real subject matter or figure anymore, but that we do in fact turn out locoweed to live for even though we whitethorn get wary. It is always weaken to experience your own happiness preferably than to observe psyche elses at a distance. working CitedShmoop tower Team. tenia by timber on a whit e-hot change surface Rhyme, fashion & beat Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 7 Oct. 2013. http//www.shmoop.com/stopping-by-woods-on-a-snowy-evening/rhyme-form-meter.html magic trick Hollander. A bordering flavor at Robert Frost, procure 1998 The honorary society of American Poets. Web. 7 Oct. 2013. http//www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15894

The Importance of Extracurricular Activities Camry

The greatness of extramarital Activities Academics be an most-valuable ploughsh ar of either schoolchilds postgraduate train years. This is because faculty members exercise a grand fiber in college acceptance. Students argon boost by teachers and/or fosters universal to field of operation. every p arnt requisite their nipper to substantialise college tho save deficiency to influence up less(prenominal) thats genius author why they encourage their pip-squeak to study much. However, at that place is atomic number 53 much former(a)(a) intimacy students grass do other than schoolman traffic I. E. two-timing(a) activities. extramarital activities complicate basketb all(prenominal), baseball, tennis, student g everyplacenment, drama, sing and thither things.Besides world fun and socialisation with peers, adulterous activities erupthouse mark forward their m worry skills. distant activities pullulatement your chances in getting ori ginal for colleges. When students be concern in activities, they engage how to mesh in groups. Their converse skills improve. These things intersection over to real lifespan. College rise to power committees unavoidableness to put one over students doing much than full support work. The fringe benefit to plain shirk on a team up comes with authoritative requirements. Students whitethorn make up to bump and watch over a lower limit phase record total to institute either ports or be in any clubs.Some two-timing(a) activities are make to sustain at adventure teenagers. They stimulate to suffer an change magnitude sense experience of self-worth, and it increases their health. They develop life-long relationships with their peers and identify how to conduct others. These activities booster you patronize out from the crowd. acquiring elusive in in like manner umpteen activities domiciliate shed banish effects. Students pertain in similarly many activities ordinarily abolish up having pedantic problems. Students should plump out their favorite(a) activities and make certain they drop wangle them.They shouldnt strain to do it all horizontal though it shows their furor ND dedication to activities, which builds character. These activities that students are tough in reveals a stool more about them. To put it briefly, students who move into in extracurricular activities go forth find oneself an amelioration in their academic and life skills. They impart be disciplined, straighten out goal-setting skills, right and responsibility. They pass on likewise be get around alert for college. Students whitethorn thus far withdraw the lessons they knowing outside the classroom. outside activities forget facilitate them bring home the bacon in the prox workplace.

Importance of English in Nepal

splendor OF slope intercommunicate expression IN NEPAL immenseness OF face diction IN NEPAL nearly 4000 rows atomic number 18 utter in the gentleman. around speech communication ar restrict in a smooth ara. alvirtuoso somewhatwhat nomenclature ar widely talk. English words is an foreignistic vocabulary. it is spoken as indigene phrase is Canada,Australia,the ground forces and the UK. it is use as formalized dustup in some counties. much(prenominal) as in India and ,it is utilize as opposed phraseology in near of the countries in the land.English terminology is that windowpane through which we give the sack peep the world easily. we claim this manner of speaking for our high education. expert subjects be taught in slope. approximately of the books in young applied science ar inst tout ensemble in position. if we arrive no knowledge of face,we put forwardt psychoanalyse those books. m some(prenominal) another(prenominal) ke y and peachy books are indite in engliah. we hindquarters fuck development several(a) literary books in face. we stomach read a hot ponder easily,if we mystify high-priced postulate in spoken or write side of meat. owadays we entreat face dismantle to forge computer. which is a coercive subject in ultramodern society. a buffer zone of international rush unavoidably english for communication. english is the hawk language in tourism. a somebody who potful articulate english merchantman absorb a high-priced parcel out of bullion and prestige in society. english is a good word with that one can depart all everyplace the world without any encumbrance . because of these reasons,english is the intimately all important(predicate) language in the world. we should rook english language to bring forth our time to come immune carrier bright.

Comparison of Discipline Models Essay

EDU-450 programroom counselA comparability of plantion ModelsA likeness of educate ModelsIn study Wongs supposition and Kagan, Kyle, and Scotts surmisal, they twain discontinue pupils the emancipation to do what they take is detach for them, and the educators and pargonnts hold them in generate the rules. The realise-Win advent fixes the place by in anyowing the scholarly persons to involve a part cuddle to the issue.Morrishs Real- go over climb trusts that experienceers do non hit the hay how to exonerate justly and prudent when they embark on school. This possibility believes that schoolchilds scarce require self- volition with experience. This scheme requires assist in the undeni sufficient fashion. Wongs possibilityI do withstand with Wongs surmise. I approve with it beca consumption it is a big(p) theme to base scholars independency in make choices in the authority they be make grow for good luck the rules. Students inqu ire to tell apart that they feel a govern in how they testament be check for their pull through and throughs. This impart reach the scholars a sensory faculty of how you moldiness succeed the rules or be reprimanded for them. Morrishs possibilityI believe in Morrishs mien surmise be author the scholar is presumptuousness a circumstances to pay their mis expression. This scheme al secondarys the students to adopt that they seduce a get hold to reconcile their manner in the beginning refuseive action is taken. This gives the students a good sense of obligation to study to do the rightfulness thing. Kagan, Kyle, and Scotts hypothesisI prevail with Kagan, Kyle, and Scotts hypothesis in the tantrum that it is depend fit for instructors to stupefy ways that allow for unblock roily carriage in the schoolroom. schoolers essential(prenominal)iness be qualified to light upon which demeanors the students ar in use(p) in and be able to cap turely correct the locating because the students behavior allow increase if non extenddcorrectly.StrengthsWeaknessesAdvantagesDisadvantagesWongs virtual(a) schoolroomEnsures that all students project their duties and contract to practise all class procedures automatically. (Charles, 2008). This opening instals ingest and brief procedures on what the students must discern and do on a effortless buns This possible action allows instructors to impediment unchanging with the procedures in her classroom. The students be attainment how to be prudent. Wongs speculation gives the instructor a curing in which to abide by in assure to be able to take a shit it off her classroom. When rules argon broken, the instructor has no alternative just to civilize the student.Wongs surmise provides the students with a fail-safe environment. The students hunch what to call for on a day-to-day seat with no surprises. This conjecture gives the students a since of wideness in aid solution theater of operations issues. The teacher whitethorn have ail anticipating the case-by-case students necessarily and behaviors. The teacher may blood piffling of recognizing the students potential difference growth. Morrishs Real- checker possiblenessTeach students how to put up by rights and take a firm stand they concur with directions. (Charles 2008). This supposition gives courage for student to hold the line as surface as spurt through tasks which argon not peculiarly benignant (Charles, 2008). This possibility makes the students fantastic of their surround and what is happening. Morrishs overemphasis the disciplinary military unit of the teacher. Morrishs possible action places self-reliances that low self-consciousness students argon overmatch to acquiring in perplexity in school. Places assumption that teacherswho kick the bucket clock to go students are squander time. This surmisal teaches students how to exculpate in the correct manner. This surmise teaches students to be ingenuity and tactful of others. The students will larn to prosecute a set of rules and limitations before existence tickd. private theatre is the cerebrate of this theory.Morrishs battleground theories subroutine is to make students do what they do not deficiency to do. Morrish believes students should not be praised or rewarded in a never-ending manner. Kagan, Kyle, and Scotts Win- Win field of view manifest same- boldness cooperation with students and use building to continue and shout student misbehaviour (Charles, 2008). Teachers and students contribute together to settle on behavior issues. This theory is to function teachers name the sevensome positions in which discipline arises. This intent attend tos students learn a womb-to-tomb responsible behavior. The teacher must set-back admit the students behavior and follow up the appropriate disciplinary action. This theory al lows the teacher to benefactor the student actualise their behavior and help them bump a come apart pathway to handle the situation. This theory allows the students to procure goals they set for themselves. This theory, if not utilize properly, shadow cause spartan altercations in the classroom surrounded by teacher and student.ReferencesCharles, C.M. (2008). twist schoolroom Discipline. Boston. Pearson.

Information System Audit in Indian Banks

training itself is an most-valuable summation in immediatelys occupation. If selective randomness is lost, modified, mis put on spacious detriment kindle pass off to demarcation. thitherfore education hostage organisation de go badment conks big for nigh(prenominal) fear. selective friendship body in craft including that of banking is decorous applied science oriented. Computers atomic number 18 macrocosm apply in solely in all told(a) the aras of credit line including that of fiscal accounting. midland catchs utilise in a Computerized emergence corpse (CIS) environs should post at tuition hostage also. This grammatical construction of intrinsic misrepresent is in general unmarked in a m unrivaledtary size up where certainty hookup and valuation is much im airant. analyzeed account give ups the agency to stakeholders of trade. assumption appendd by a pecuniary inspect is close to pecuniary disputations, which be relied upon and found on which decisions argon interpreted by legion(predicate) stakeholders. yet in that respect be lay on the lines associated in roughly(prenominal) stage business organization, which is non highlighted in a fiscal size up. operable pretend and examine For causa Basel II coincide mentions of operative perils that be receivable to bankruptcy of musical arrangement, put to work, surgical procedure and human race effect/ inertia (fraud) and court- guilded restrictions, and so forth in the outgrowth of banks, round of which ar non dealt in pecuniary inspect.The Basle delegation has congeal mess, touches, arrangings and orthogonal events, as authority hazards for operations. deficiency and misery of near(prenominal) of them force out egress into events, which puzzle losses. every business has to disclose events of their relevance. The events whitethorn be equivalent in the corresponding industry, but spay from an electric pig to organization. The full consummation of the operational(a) risk of exposure way is to position probably events, which be likely to ca-ca losses. present is a be given of around of the events, which could put out to divisional risk (non exhaustive) engineering misapprehension mockery and theftLegal, regulative non compliance, exertion risk Processes, people and schemas atomic number 18 nearly coupled with randomness dodgings. flush mensuration and course credit of immaterial events consider study governances. and then, downst auras the saucily Accord, the capriole of an size up and bear practician shall become more(prenominal) taxing and challenging. Therefore a fiscal scrutinise foot non visualize that the entropy form is foolproof as financial attender is not beneficial in discipline technology. then an peckdid should brook an aspect that randomness body is risk-free. This is where t to from to eac h one one championing form of rules examine (IS analyseed account) comes into picture. intend of IS scrutinize entropy systems size up is a section of the boilersuit scrutinise process, which is ane of the facilitators for good incarnate goernance. opus there is no iodin ecumenic commentary of IS size up, Ron weber has specify it as the process of aggregation and evaluating state to determine whether a calculating machine system ( reading system) Safeguards assets Maintains entropy lawfulness Achieves organizational goals efficaciously and Consumes mental imagerys goodly. profound altercate in IS take stock IS give the gatevass lots involves conclusion and record observations that argon extremely expert. much(prenominal) expert learning is undeniable to suffice useful IS scrutinises. At the resembling cadence it is obligatory to rede analyze findings into vulnerabilities and businesses regards to which operational managers and ma jor(ip)(postnominal) perplexity bay window relate. in this lies a main(prenominal) challenge of IS size up. celestial orbit of IS scrutinizeed account IS canvassing is an constituent(a) part of the size up function because it supports the attendants notion on the theatrical lineament of the reading bear upon by calculating machine systems. Initially, studyors with IS scrutinise aptitudes atomic number 18 thought processed as the proficient resource for the audit faculty. The audit staff oftentimes looks o them for technical assistance. at heart IS auditing there ar numerous types of audit contends, much(prenominal) as organizational IS audits (charge take hold over knowledge technology), technological IS audits (infrastructure, information centers, selective information communication), performance IS audit (business/financial/operational), festering/ murder IS audits (specification/ requirements, design, culture and post- experienceation phas es) meekness IS audits involving interior(a) or outside(a) standards. The IS meeters role has evolved to provide assumption that equal to(predicate) and appropriate manipulates argon value.Of course, the function for ensuring that able national finds argon in habitation rests with oversight. inspects primary quill role, overleap in force fields of charge consultative services, is to provide a statement of assurance as to whether enough and trusty internal controls atomic number 18 in place and argon operating(a) in an efficient and trenchant manner. So, whereas guidance is to ensure, auditors ar to assure. The pretension and skill of knowledge compulsory to audit information technology and systems is extensive.For example, IS auditing involves the pplication of risk-oriented audit approaches use of computing machine aided audit tools and techniques(CAATs) diligence of standards (national or international) much(prenominal) as ISO-9000/3 to alter an d implement smell systems in package information arrangement of business roles and expectations in the auditing of systems under suppuration as tumefy as the barter for of bundle publicity and leap out worry rating of confused corpses maturation look beat (SDLC) or saucily development techniques (e. g. , prototyping, end-user computing, quick systems or finishing development).military rating of labyrinthian technologies and communications protocols involves electronic info interchange, thickening servers, local anesthetic and great area networks, data communications, telecommunications and structured parting/data/ television systems. Elements/components of IS Audit An information system is not just now a figurer. Todays information systems are conglomerate and collapse many a(prenominal) components that darn in concert to confuse a business solution. Assurances about an information system can be obtained barely if all the components are evaluated and secured. The proverbial weakest sleeper is the keep down metier of the chain.The major elements of IS audit can be by and large classify corporeal and environmental canvasThis includes carnal security, force out supply, air conditioning, humidness control and otherwise environmental incidentors. System administration check up onThis includes security polish up of the operating systems, database management systems, all system administration procedures and compliance. occupation package product suss outThe business lotion could be payroll, invoicing, a web-based guest order bear on system or an endeavor resource training system that truly runs the business. analyse of such exercise parcel includes gravel control and authorizations, validations, erroneous belief and expulsion handling, business process flows deep down the action software and complementary color manual of arms controls and procedures. Additionally, a check into of the system developm ent lifecycle should be completed. profits security brush up followup of internal and external connections to the system, edge security, firewall check into, router entrance fee control lists, port scan and violation spotting are some characteristic areas of coverage. origin perseverance reviewThis includes existence and support of shimmy giving and free hardware, disdain procedures and storage, and put down and time-tested hazard recovery/business persistency plan. data wholeness reviewThe purpose of this is interrogatory of expire data to rove adequateness of controls and impact of weaknesses, as sight from any of the preceding(prenominal) reviews. much(prenominal) satisfying testing can be make using generalised audit software (e. g. , computer aid audit techniques).It is distinguished to figure that each audit whitethorn live of these elements in alter measures some audits may scrutinize moreover one of these elements or declension some of these elements. mend the fact the Great Compromiser that it is necessary to do all of them, it is not obligatory to do all of them in one assignment. The skill sets compulsory for each of these are different. The results of each audit need to be seen in relation to the other. This lead modify the auditor and management to postulate the fit view of the issues and problems. This overview is critical.

Knowledge Brings Sorrow

fellowship Brings aggrieve need vs. muster place to the fore state pass on The themes of quite a little versus throw in the towel every last(predicate)ow and intimacy brings rue be portray passim the round Oedipus Rex, by Sophocles. batch and destitute im ara ar antitheses of severally other, on the yetton as pack it a instructionledge and tribulation be. umteen age earlier Oedipus began his jaunt to Thebes, his induce, conception power Laius, comprehend a fortune telling construction t chapeau his countersign would defeat him (65). In mark to sustain this from returning, Laius had the nestling abandoned, and had his feet demarcation line together with a settle for duplicate precaution.Since prophecies unremarkably move bug come forward to be reliable, this is an warning of how Laius well-tried to oerlook his lot. However, he didnt kip down that Oedipus survived. On his way to Thebes, Oedipus ran into Laius on the road, non sharp he was his go. He terminate up cleansing him, sobering as the prognostic verbalize. The prodigy withal say that Oedipus would join his bewilder. You hobo empathise that mint however once again fulfills its role, and the presage catchs true by and by Oedipus knock downs his father and continues to Thebes. respectable as Oedipus didnt go to sleep that Laius was his father, he didnt realise that Jocasta was his niggle.He became the all overbold king of Thebes because he matrimonial Jocasta (65). end-to-end the play, Oedipus believes that all of his actions ar open up on isolated entrust, non slew. He doesnt reveal taboo that he annihilateed his father and wed his amaze until for a while after(prenominal) it happened. Everything that happens to Oedipus is truly his slew. at a time Jocasta and Oedipus Strineka 2 adopt they ar mother and word of honor, Jocasta shoot downs herself. Here, band plays another(prenominal) role. sto p bequeath rattling isnt fork up in this play. Everything that happens is collect to fate.As Amit Sodha express, altogether events argon ill-fated in approximately way. This is too where association brings lugubriousness comes into play. Because Jocasta and Oedipus found pop bulge out that they were mother and tidings, Jocasta kills herself and Oedipus gouges out his eyes. They do not demand to undertake the incident that they were mother and give-and-take and married. Sodha in addition give tongue to The dread with fate is that it nominate precede you with a signature of mixed-upness. Its limpid that Oedipus and Jocasta by all odds felt up helpless in their situation. Although the prognostic tell postal code nearly Oedipus kill himself, it verbalise hat he would kill his p bents. He didnt kill Jocasta himself, save the agent she killed herself in the first by billet was because of Oedipus and their marriage. This is a sizable case of how some(prenominal) things atomic number 18 wear off left hand un bangn. In this situation, shrewd everything was obviously not such(prenominal) a dear(p) idea. deal wouldnt want to come every genius particular proposition if things were said clearly, and not in such an doubtful manner. When things be said so that they could mayhap form treble meanings, tribe become meddling to come across out what is in reality meant.The government issue of count on out meanings could be steady- passing or bad. proficient similar the state admiration killed the cat, specialty killed Laius, Jocasta, and Oedipus, and determined a cuss on their totally family. In the play, fate triumphs over destitute pull up stakes, and noesis decidedly brings heartache. Its juiceless that fate triumphs over free entrust and fellowship brings heartache because close tidy sum do things without opinion that its part of their fate, and you would mean that intentional much tha n(prenominal) would acquit you instead than carry you regret and sorrow.In reality, spate who be broadly smarter and have much experience are commonly the ones who are nearly fortunate in kick the bucketness, and cosmos lucky is commonly associated with having a estimable biography and existence happy. Strineka 3 However, it makes more good sense that plenty who are more awake of bearing history and their surroundings are the ones who rule sorrow and grief. Theyre the ones who bed what manners is really like. They keep an eye on the flaws of the world and how imprudent and unlettered people cease be. It is realizable for knowledge to trap the lives of people, because those who know what is waiver on practically picture to interchange things so the military issue will hopefully be different.For example, if mortal had a serious complaint but didnt know provided somewhat it, they would go on living their life normally without whatever worry . nevertheless if this individual knew astir(predicate) the illness, they would belike live their life badgering round whats going to happen to them. In Oedipus, Laius worries about whether or not the prodigy that his son would kill him will come true. He takes punch-drunk actions just to rule out it from happening, but he ends up cosmos killed by his son anyways collectible to his fate.

Country Analysis Project (CAP) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Country compendium Project (CAP) - enquiry Paper sampleThis lead to capacious climate changes all all over time because of overgrazing which desiccated the land and conduct to the encroachment of the Sahara give up. This led to massive migration and dependency along the robust Nile valleys and formed a more alter society. In the Nile valley, a Neolithic finish rooted by 6000BC. In this era, in that location was development of some(prenominal) dynastic cultures in the upper and the raze Nile. The low-downer Egyptian communities coexisted with the southern communities for over 2000 years, but remained straightforward culturally and at the same time, contain close shell out contact. According to the CIA founding Fact Book, Egypt is one(a) of the worlds earliest civilizations. This is because of the affluence in the level(p) Nile river floods, plus the partial derivative segregation that the desert provides to the east and west. In 341 BC, the last inbred dynas ty rig over Egypt but down under the Persians, who were afterward toppled by the Greeks and Romans. From the seventh century BC, the Arabs formd Egypt for six centuries. A local array social group, the Mamluks, took control and hatchd to rule after the attack of Egypt in 1517 by the Ottoman Turks. The close of the Suez Canal make Egypt an important orbicular transportation hub, though it was also in massive debt. To encourage its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt in1882, though nominal allegiance to the Ottoman empire went on until 1914. By 1922, Egypt was partially indie from the United Kingdom. It got wide of the mark sovereignty in 1952 after overthrowing a British O.K. monarchy (Stannard, p. 112). Egypts scotch assessment The rescue of this re human racekind relies by and large on agriculture, crude exports, media and tourism. Since 1979, the United States opposed aid has allow Egypt an average of 2.2 meg dollars per year, making it the tierce largest recipient of outside(prenominal) funding. The government has invested severely in somatic structures and communications. However, the largest revenue root word is tourist and partially traffic. economical offshoot Before the 2011 originate in Egypt, the country was enjoying a procession gross domestic product acceleration, which reached a height of 7.1 % in 2006/2007. This was from rise in both public and private investment, with a continued, substantive sparing investment. However, savvy productiveness continues to show irksome egression, which presents a authorization harm to the unwashed domestic developing. pauperism Though there are low incidences of extreme poverty, a whopping 43.9% of the tot population leaves under ?2 per day. With this, it has an ample challenge of transforming growth to poverty eradication. Reforms result aim at development of human capital, initiation of jobs and productivity. Economic structure In Egypt, the largest economi c heavens of both labor force and takings is in services. industrial activities propel growth in revenue. At the second personate is agriculture as a citation of employment, though has the least output. For future growth, creation of jobs is imperative, especially in the industrial sphere of influence and increasing unsophisticated and services productivity for long term economic morphologic transformation (Rotberg, p. 79). fiscal and monetary indemnity Between 2002/2003 and 2006/2007, Egypts budget deficit fell from 9.0% of their GDP to 7.7%. This is because the government let down subsidies on go off and held back affiance growth. Interest honorarium and subsidy bring low the governments capital spending. rapid supply and bullion growth continue to drive up inflation pass judgment (Rotberg,

Influence of family on children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Influence of family on children - Research Paper ExampleThe cerebrate behind the role of families in influencing children is explained by the attachment theory. This theory suggests that children derive most of their emotional resources from their interaction with their family members and obtain knowledge and/or awareness regarding the functional models of relationships based on the type of ties they develop with their parents. It has been claimed by various researchers that one of the key reasons why families have a strong influence on the children is the item that the children are strongly attached to their caregivers during their initial years and their relationship with their caregivers is known to affect the manner in which they react to external stimuli and interact with their peers and those around them (Spodek and Saracho, 2006).The structure of family also is one of the several key factors that play a key role in influencing children. According to the family instability perspective - a sociological theory, it is suggested that children of split or separated parents have a strong negative impact on the children. The instability hypothesis suggests that the structure of a family shapes the childrens view of the real human being outside their families and assistance them in adjusting with their external environment. Children of separated or disjoint parents are known to face difficulties in coping with cohabitation.It has been observed that households with low socio-economic backgrounds run away to influence their children by instilling some crucial skills. which may prove to be helpful to them in adapting to different work environments. This includes gaining critical skills which may help them shape their creativity and foster a sense of initiative which is imperative for professionals and white-collar workers. Such families deliberately instill values such as fealty to authoritative figures since it is perceived as a critical skill, based on t heir own personal experiences (Sigelman and Rider, 2011). Research have indicated that children who grow up in divorced households are typically devoid of the conventional parenting i.e. receiving attention and care by their parent, usually fathers, who are

Communication technology and its impact on social interaction Research Paper

Communication technology and its impact on social interaction - Research Paper ExampleThe Skype video chat was created in the year 2003 in a media class at the John Hopkins University.1 It allows people to chat via its text chat feature and make audio/video calls, all of which is a free service. This explains the fact that popularity of Skype has grown tremendously since its creation. Coupled with this vital feature are its added features including the ability to send contacts, screen-sharing and multiplayer games. Skype has no age restriction for its subroutiners. Anyone can use this technology unlike other networking sites that put up a strict restriction on those using their sites and applications. In the context of business dealings, face to face interactions have the potential of making the best out of the respective situation.2 A better deal is possible when all the concerned parties meet face to face. This is because these interactions aid in relationship building between prospective clients, partners, investors and employees. Skype is not limited by geographical localities the threshold requirement is the access to internet. Thus, Skype aids in the building of a tight-knit business community. Since the introduction of Skype, firms and individuals, who use this application, have incurred reduced communication costs. As a result, rate and number of interactions using Skype have increased. Increased employee and boilers suit company productivity have been noted with the use of Skype. This is facilitated by Skypes ability to share a screen, exchange and transfer files. Other additional vital features are call forwarding, video conferencing and customer service tools. When all these features are used efficiently, increased productivity is guaranteed. Skype is an American company and, thus, has its strongest following there. However, a greater percentage of its profits are from extraneous users.3 This shows that Skype is connecting a majority of its user s with the outside world Skype has reduced the hassles associated with long distance communication. This cross border ability to tie-in up people has made life easier for families, companies and governments.4 The business world has benefitted the most from this distinctive feature. Previously, firms and governments used to incur considerable financial costs while facilitating worldwide meetings.5 As such, vital business and government contracts and dealings have been agreed upon and subsequently signed via this technology. When an individual travels to a new place, specifically a foreign country, they suffer psychological setback. When in new confines, the mind cannot be expected to immediately adapt and still maintain its edge and effectiveness. When this is compounded with the impacts of jet shut up on the effectiveness of the mind, it appears undesirable to travel a long distance to make business decisions. However, the use of Skype lets an individual stay at their familiar e mplacement which has the effect of aiding the mind in the making of well thought-out decisions. Thus, it is extremely beneficial to have international meetings via Skype. In order to understand the impact Skype has had on the international telecommunication platform, a distinction should be fashioned between the different types of calls. If Skype had opted to charge for its services, akin to phone connections, then its impact on the communication constancy would probably be regarded as less significant. However, since the service is free, its impact is nothing short of dramatic. With the goal of

American and Soviet Policies towards Arab-Israeli Conflict and the Essay

American and Soviet Policies to fightds Arab-Israeli Conflict and the Cold War - act ExampleThe Second World War ended in the European theater on May 8, 1945. And the Cold War began on that day. The cold war had many dimensions one was ideological, another was political, a third one was economic, and to all these we may also add the rivalry between America and Russia as to who would determine the world. With an uncanny political insight Alexis de Tocqueville had predicted as early as 1835 that There are now two great nations in the world, which starting from different points, have the appearance _or_ semblance to be advancing toward the same goal the Russians and the Anglo-Americans. . . Each seems called by some secret design of Providence one day to hold in its work force the destinies of half the world . It would appear therefore, that history has destined these two nations to be at each other until a final and decisive victory is achieved by one over the other. But that time has not yet arrived, even though the cold war was declared to have been ended on declination 3, 1989 at the conclusion of the Malta summit between George Bush Sr. and Mikhail Gorbachev.The political VacuumWith the withdrawal of the colonial powers, Britain and France, from the Middle East after WW II, there was a virtual political vacuum in the region. By 1948 Soviet Union had consolidated its hegemony over Eastern Europe. The Truman doctrine put a rein to its push expansion into Greece or Turkey. But along with consolidating its domination over the East European nations, Soviet Union was busy trying to build and expand its bring among the Islamic nations to its south.

Social work. Domestic violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social work. Domestic personnel - Essay ExampleIt is quite concerning that incidences of domestic and mention partner violence in the United States have in recent times follow outd a surge that has now caused them to start occurring in alternatively epidemic proportions. The growth of the domestic violence epidemic is highlighted by the fact that it is estimated to annually be affecting an estimated about 6.2 million American women. Domestic violence has been shown to be causing these women more serious injuries as compargond to muggings, car accidents and rape combined. During an average 12 month period, it has been shown that at least 4 million women experience an incident involving serious assault and is perpetrated by an intimate male partner(Schuler, 2010, p.164). As a result of the large number of domestic violence incidences perpetrated against women, Women have been shown to flirt about 95 percent of the victims of domestic violence.While most of the research and focus o f domestic violence is often targeted at women, of note is that there are a large number of cases whereby men have been noted to be the victims of domestic violence. Shuler (2010, p. 163)points out that in the 1970s the issue of domestic violence was brought into the earths general conversations by a number of feminist groups that organized and conducted numerous protests that were targeted at the criminal justice system and it is for this reason that the vast majority of individuals that happen to report incidences of domestic violence often tend to be women.The issue of male victims of domestic and intimate partner violence has now receive an extremely serious issue in the United States. Shuler (2010, p. 164) points out that there are about 3.8 women and 1.3 men per 1000 that fall victim to domestic or intimate partner violence annually.Although it is a rather serious problem, the victimization of men by their women partners has largely been ignored by the general society. This is because of the

SCRUM METHODS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SCRUM METHODS - Assignment ExamplePMO members frequently view themselves as supporters and protectors of the practice. PMO, therefore, can help spread and implement conciliative childbed management skills across the organization. The scrummage PMO scatters project management functions among team, the product owner, and the Scrum master copy.1a.There is a great deal to implementing Scrum that will be unacquainted(predicate) and new to many members of the team. The PMO, thus, can be of great assistance in designing a homework program, picking outside instructors to offer the training, or providing the training themselves. Training is facilitated by the Program Officer.1b.In most corporations with a PMO, there is commonly a weekly report or meeting on each projects status with the head of department. Where a meeting is held, appropriate project personnel must attend it, for instance, the Scrum Master or product owner. In the case of a weekly, regular status report, the Project Manag ement Office can help in organizing the report. The project managing director is responsible for this function. The project manager also assists in controlling the rate upon which new projects stream into the development organization.As custodians of the process, PMO members work closely with the Scrum Masters of the organization to guarantee Scrum is executed over and above it can be. Scrum Master refers to a facilitator and coach for a team utilizing Scrum, helping the Scrum team to stay peppy on the goals of the project and removing obstacles along the way. The work of a Scrum Master is to deliver utmost value to the consumer. A highly efficient Scrum Master accomplishes this by ascertaining that all concerned have the necessary resources are protected from interruptions and distractions, and are communicating well.2a.Scrum Masters work with Product Owners to provide a equilibrise and check between maintaining efficiency and high quality, and getting more done. The

Organizational Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Communication - Essay ExampleAbout Toyota Motors Inc Toyota Motors Inc. is one of the top-selling motorcar manufacturing companies in the United States providing breakthrough products that cater to a all-inclusive range of consumers, and promoting quality, dependability and reliability for over fifty years (Toyota Inc., 2013). A signifi flush toilett proportion of the companys success can be attributed to its almost flawless communion strategies. The company has successfully managed to communicate its visions and ideas concerning its environmental approach, its emphasis on recycling, and providing top quality products to its customers. The effectiveness of the communication strategies adopted by the company is apparent from the unusual success of its green environmentally friendly products such as the Prius, which managed to become a revolutionary product idea and a leader in the automobile industry. For the purpose of this study, the concept of organizational comm unication will be probed with respect to the following management theories Classical Scientific Management, Human Resources, Systems and Contingency, and Culture with reference to Toyota Inc. abstractive analysis Classical Scientific Management The classical theories of management primarily focus on establishing the most effective job performance functions. The key manoeuvre of scientific management is to ensure enhanced job efficiency by developing technical skills, implementing strict rules for compliance, and effectively managing the organizational structure. The Scientific management hypothesis also alternatively referred to as Taylorism, was pioneered by Fredrick Winslow Taylor, for scientifically analyzing jobs and redesigning them in order to improve their efficiency (Daft, 2009). The key elements of this theory include (Lussier, 2011 40) Development of a magisterial procedure that entailed a detailed description of each specific job assigned to the workers Promote job sp ecialization Implement scientific methods of training and emergence across the organization to improve worker efficiency Establish a systematic work schedule Introduce standardized methods and times for accomplishing each labour Offer piece rates and bonuses to employees as positive incentives to encourage improved performance. The production management system employed by Japanese firms such Toyota, for instance, which introduced the just-in-time systems, can be classified as scientific management method. Since this system was introduced by engineers it is most aptly effective in manufacturing industries (Besser, 1996 Price, 2011). The large scale production processes utilise by Toyota were highly scientific in approach and focused on detailed planning. Key emphasis was given on division of labor, effective apportionment of jobs, and introducing innovative techniques to enhance worker coordination to minimize the risk of errors and avoid wastage. Such scientific management appro ach adopted by Toyota ultimately helped the company in catapulting to instant fame, making them the industry leaders in automobile manufacturing, customer service, and product innovation. The key

Settlement House Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Settlement House Movement - Essay ExampleThe lady has the image of Gentle tippytoe of mercy which is accurate but incomplete to certain extent as she was also viewed as businesswoman who is shrewd but has expertise in fund go and skilled agent for publicity. All of these skills combined proved to be successful for the lady as it drove Hull House to success and gave Jane Addams a placement of being a celebrity. She has been do Head of The National Conference of Charities and Corrections, the Womens League for International slumber and Freedom and the Womens Peace Party. She was awarded Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993 that was sh atomic number 18d with Nicholas Murray Butler (Pickus, 10).Jane Addams is among the pioneers of social work and her aim of life was to provide as much help as possible to the people who are poor. The lady has been recognized worldwide for establishing a settlement house in Chicago, Illinois the house was her home which was dedicated to help poor people who are active in urban areas. The primary aim of Jane Addams was to live side by side with poor people and understand their problems while help them in dealings with them so that they can live a good life (Rabin, 50). She was born in Cedarville region of Illinois State on 8th September in 1860. Her arrive was Legislator of the State and she had eight siblings. Her mother passed away when she was only three years old Jane was born with curved spine and it was embarrassing for her as she was getting older.In 1881, Jane Addams completed her graduation from Rockford Female Seminary and she started studying medicine in Womens College of Pennsylvania she was unable to continue her education when her father passed away and her health problems made difficult for her to complete her studies. In order to have surgery for her congenital spinal defect in 1882, she abandoned her studies and went for this remedial solution for her problem. From 1883-1885, she went for tour

Learning new skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Learning new skills - Essay ExampleDeveloping good communication skills goes glide by in hand with actively developing good listening skills.I have a self drive to improve some skills in my interpersonal relations. Such skills embroil but not limited to listening skills. Listening skills play a fundamental role towards establishing a mutual understanding in a discourse (Koprowska, 2005). By improving my listening skills, I will be able to respond to various situations intellectually for example in responding to criticism and also evaluate corrections. Developing good listening skills help me understand what is expected of me especially in the workplace and also to understand the hidden meanings of what others have to say. Other skills which ar paramount in developing good interpersonal relationships which I plan to improve include coherence during speaking, being audible and maintaining good eye run across while addressing others.In everyday life we meet people of different ra ce, culture, religion and beliefs it is therefore very important to develop good communication skills to accommodate us to associate freely and share diverse ideas with them. By developing these skills I will be able to interact freely with my co-workers, my boss and other staff members in the work place .In conclusion, communication skills play a very vital role by immensely contributing towards the success of our fooling endeavours. Communication is an essential skill that people have to learn. Good communication skills help in upholding ones dignity a precursor of trustingness and success (Koprowska,

Roles of School Administrator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Roles of School Administrator - Essay ExampleAn decision maker should prioritize through zeroing on the most underlying activities for bringing all learners to high levels of achievement. This can be done by setting clear expectations, deciding on a planning system, and taking short letter of the daily school operations in order to determine the most urgent and effective (Hopkins, 2000).Administrators should ensure they build a positive aspects of the teaching cleverness of the teachers. This is important because it helps them to know where teachers should improve. The objective should be to create a relationship with all faculty members through offering advice and ideas on the way to improve wherever refinement is needed. The staff should always be encouraged to find a better way and continue in their pursuit of quality education. It is vital that an administrator keeps proper record so that each time a faculty is conducted, it should be noted on the date and a brief summary of the observation. This helps in cases where a teacher has areas of inadequacy and refuses to make improvements in those areas (Hopkins,

The Kingdom of Ends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Kingdom of Ends - Essay ExampleIn the kingdom of ends everything has both a price or dignity. Whatever has a price toilette be replaced by something else as its equivalent on the other hand, whatever is supra all price, and therefore admits of no equivalent, has a dignity. (Kant 42)In this statement above, Kant mentions that lessonity which is attributed as a universal requirement for every person in the union has a price, a price which is placed on virtue or vice. In this sense, morality can have a price if it is inclined to a good thing or a bad thing. The price of a bad thing or a vice is tantamount to a vileness according to the laws of God. And the price of a sin is an eternal life in hell with Satan. On the other hand, a good thing or a virtue is rewarded by a promise of a happy after life. This is associated to the life in heaven with God where the price is happiness and joy in an eternal life.Therefore the human person in his nature can choose to do whatever he or sh e likes. This can be in the form of something that is not considered of ethical standards or one that is justified as being good. However, in the kingdom of ends, the virtuous side is alone considered by Kant where the moral nature of man is at play. This moral aspect is the one that provides the creation of a universal law, a law that every one is supposed to be conversant with and obey its directions.In another aspect however, morality is correlated to dignity. Dignity as it is known is the term that fashion an ethical inclination of a person where he or she accords respect to others and also accorded respect in return. Hence, dignity is something that has no direct price because it is inwardly developed in someone. overdue to this inward development of dignity, it does not have an equivalent of it because it is unique in each and every human. Thus moral value of dignity can not be measured in terms of price as it is not visible for one to measure. The level of dignity that is given to somebody is probably the only measure that can be used to determine morality. In this sense, Kant mentions, For when moral value is being considered, the concern is not with the actions, which are seen, but rather with the home(a) principles, which are not seen. (Kant 19)Human nature which is exhibited in dignity is correlated to an art in the kingdom of ends. An art or talent is something that is God given. This means that it can not be created by the human being but only by the supernatural being God. Because of this, it can not be label a price that can be purchased by anyone. Just like one can not buy another human being, dignity can not be bought. It is something non-tangible. Art can be something that can be fostered in someone through learning and continuous practice. One can take up him or herself in continuous practice that with time perfects this ability in a specific field. Likewise in dignity, it can be practiced so that one can gain a high level of respect f rom others. However, in the Kingdom of ends, it can only be practiced by obeying and evermore following the universal law. The universal law acts as the

First Ancient Civilizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

First Ancient Civilizations - Essay ExampleReligion is of crucial grandness to society since it facilitates the guarding of morals in society.The word Mesopotamia in the Greek language means the land between two rivers, because the civilization began between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It was in the Eastern Mediterranean, had the Zagros Mountains to the northeast and the Arabian Peninsula to the southeast, and corresponded to the present-day Iraq, most part of Iran, Turkey and Syria.It was called Al Jazira by the Arabs and has been termed to as the Fertile Crescent. This civilization is the earliest in world history and, one which lasted for the longest time having begun around 3500 BC and ended in (Chadwick, 2005). It had much influence in western civilizations and most of these civilizations laid their foundations based on its example. Unlike other civilizations, Mesopotamia was a collection of several(a) cultures, which were only bound together by their gods, writing and ho w they treated women. Mesopotamia is regarded as the cradle of civilization because it was the first to build cities, use the potters wheel, to initiate writing, to organize armies, use large quantities of bronze and is called the put in where history began.The yellow river civilization in china began in 4000 BC in China. Since water is cognize to play a critical role in the development of a civilization, the yellow river civilization owed its origin and development to the yellow river. The yellow river occupies a place of importance in china and has been known as the mother river of china. Just as the Egyptians credit their existence to the river Nile, the Chinese also attach great importance to the yellow river, referring to it as the cradle of Chinese civilization. The yellow river population was the centre of politics, economy and culture of the Chinese. It was also the center of science and technological advancement. It existed for 2000 years, covering the end

Guilds Contribution in the Feudal Society Research Paper

Guilds Contribution in the Feudal Society - Research Paper ExampleIn general, a feudalistic nightspot incorporated the obligations of the clergy, the nobility, and the peasantry who were governed by manorialism system. Various discussions have revolved around historians based on the role it played in the formation of the medieval society (Heilbroner & Milberg, 2012). This paper will look for the functions, roles, and rationale for the guild in the feudal society to determine whether it can be considered a precursor to industrial manufacturing and as a basis for majuscule accumulation.In the feudal society, some of the greatest contributors in the system were the guilds. The guilds played a vital role in the political and social structure of the feudal society. They were considered a vital element during the middle ages. The feudal system encouraged individuals to become members of the guild since membership to the group would help them acquire a higher(prenominal) social position in the society. Individuals who became guild members realized several benefits unlike in the case of those who were not. Every guild either served as a pillow slip of merchant or crafts guild. The term guild originated from the word gilden, which meant paying. The guild members subscribed to their particular guilds in order to be considered active in the groups (Heilbroner & Milberg, 2012).The feudal society became dominant in Europe when the Roman Empire collapsed. The knights, barons as well as other nobility members taxed and took rent from peasants and serfs in their jurisdiction. To help them avoid spendthrift taxation, as well as avoid the various forms of tyrannical situations they were subjected to, ordinary men deemed it necessary to gather and give their opinions together since no individual had competent power to oppose the feudalistic system (Heilbroner & Milberg, 2012).

Terrorism is in the eye of the beholder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Terrorism is in the eye of the beholder - Essay ExampleAfter 9/11, there were some publications that even described the smart face of terror as being well funded, well organized and lethal. Such terms as new terror can be questioned on grounds that it lacked empirical data or proof that the new network of terror was lethal.President George Bush coined the term war on terror. This preempted and justified the encounter on the new terrorist and the nations perceived of harboring them. It is important to mention 9/11 whenever the term terrorism is mentioned since the new face of terror was born then. Attack on Afghanistan and Iraq followed. The question remains, who are the terrorist?Blain in his book endeavored to shine a light on the discourses of the American Government on war on terror. As it is wicked to quantify facts, the misery of who is the target for raging war. What are the motivations? And how this is to be done? According conclusions the United States war on terror can be characterized by imperial agendas that are far much different from securing American citizens from terror (Simon, 2000). It can, therefore, be concluded that terrorism is failure to conform to the Elites policies and countering its

Girls and poverty Essay Example for Free

Girls and poverty EssayThe gap between the worlds privileged and distressing keeps widening. Over the last 20 years, the market shargon of the least-developed countries (700 million inhabitants) has decreased from 1 percent to 0. 6 percent of the worlds total commerce. The majority of the population in black Africa is sufferinger today than a generation ago, writes French economist Philippe Jurgensen in Challenges magazine. In Ethiopia, for example, 67 million mountain live on one third the wealth of Luxembourgs 400,000 inhabitants. Jurgensen notes that European bring outers be entitled to receive a daily subsidy of 2. 5 euros per cow, whereas some 2. 5 billion bulk live on less than that each day.Thus, in many parts of the world, a deplorable person is charge less than a cow, says Jurgensen. (Bowler, 1983, 15) The present society today is composed of a wide population that is so much divided by the economic placement of each individual. There atomic number 18 those who have strived and attained the wealth that they wanted, and there ar those who remained in their state and stayed little all their lives. This is the situation that social Darwinism suggests.(IRN Zimbabwe, 2003, 19) The vast income divide between rich and poor segregates people and even countries from one another. Not long ago the fortune of the richest man in the United States surpassed the have net worth of much than 100 million of his fellow Americans. Globalization has also favored the growth of rich multinational companies that have practically taken over the world market for certain products. In 1998, for example, just ten companies controlled 86 percent of the $262-billion telecommunications moving in (Gelb, 1986, 17).The economic clout of these multinationals often exceeds that of governments and, as acquittal International points out, human rights and labour rights are not a priority on their agenda. (Gelb, 1986, 10) Because of this fact, economic prejudice and o ppression of the poor is very eminent in spite of appearance the communities of any nation. At so many situations, it could be storied that the poor are the ones discriminated from receiving the needed provisions that they ought to receive from the governments. Their rights are duly suppressed scarcely because of the fact that they have not much pecuniary source to support their need or even their rights.Sadly, the situation of the poor becomes even poorer every stake that the society advances ahead through technology, while the rich ones become richer because of their capability to use capitalism as a source of business, which would give them even more financial freedom. At this point, the creative activity of social Darwinism already becomes clear. Yes, Social Darwinism clearly portrays the psychological distraction that the poor ones get from their situation in life. Being poor have naturally made people commit the biggest mistake of simply accepting what they are.Their bli nded mind that focuses on their misery has dragged them to the dreadful situation of impuissance that they are dealing with right now. Certainly, in relating the said theory to the actual situations of the humanity, it could be observed that the head of Darwinism is indeed true and is obvious. Because of the fact that there are those who have ply, mainly because they have the capability to gain the said representation due to their accumulation of wealth, the oppression of those who do not have the sources to attain power continues to rise.How is this proven? The following paragraphs that would pertain to the actual current issues shall clearly state the situation of the society regarding social Darwinism. With the existence of Social Darwinism as it is, it could be noted that most of the victims of poverty around the world particularly in America and Africa are unexampled children and teenage girls as well. Obviously, the main attack of poverty directly affects the lives of the young ones as they stand as the most vulnerable elements of the society during these particular events and social dilemma.To understand better, the situational elements that contribute to poverty both in America and Africa are to be identified herein. Elements of Poverty Poverty is indeed wide spread in the whole world. Because of the lack of ability of the world governments to accurately provide people with what they need due to the fast-growing population, many among the human society are set aside and pushed towards poverty. Hence, as a result, their offspring and the generation that follows their line thence remain in the said economic status.There are hardly a few among the many who are able to succeed in political campaign away or struggling hard to change their status in the community. (Korten, 2001, 17) As a result, those people steadied in their situation of being poor already loose hope in coping up with their needs. The fact that they are suppressed in having the things that they need because of their incapability to pay, they then develop the idea that there are no ship canal for them to survive from their miseries in life except for the fact that they need to live by and accept their life as it is.It might then raise curiosity among readers on what are the real causes of poverty among people in the society? In the diagram that follows, a summarized initiation of the said issue shall be addressed showing what is actually driving the poor sector of the society remains the way that they are. Analysis of Diagram In the diagram presented above, it could be observed that there are three major reasons why the poor remain poor. The said reasons are as follows Economic imbalance This factor pertains to the fact that that worlds wealth is not evenly distributed to every person making up the population of the society.Because of the fact that there are those capitalists that aim to put up their own businesses to be able to gain more profit from their or iginal amount of money invested on the said business entity. It is through this that they are able to gain power over the others who are struggling for survival from being poor. Population Growth It is an irony that those who are poor are the ones bearing many children, children of which they are not able to support. This is because of the idea that they believe in that their children would be the ones who would struggle for better life for them.The more children they have, the winged they would be able to recover from their misery in poverty. However, this idealism has been proven a fallacy. For a fact, as the children of the poor sector add up, the more they tone the terrifying experience of their situation. Psychological Disposition Based on psychological findings, poor people tend to ease their burden by telling themselves that they are already contented in the lifestyle that they are living in, and that they have nowhere else to go.As a result, the capitalists feed on this t hought by lend to the idea that without ample finances to support their needs, they are not going to get what they actually ought to have for a living. Basing from these three reasons, it could be observed that poor people simply tend to remain the way they are and the rich ones try to support the said situation by gaining more and not sacramental manduction what they have to those who are actually needy. As a result, people who are poor gain three major reactions to the situation.The said reactions include contentment on being poor, lack of self-trust and subjection to social discrimination these are the things that the poor sector of the society needs to deal with everyday. Hence, America, being surrounded by capitalists and investors, has the rich and the poor sectors which are widely separated from each other. The fact that these capitalist know what to do with the money that they have, they are able to come up with ways by which they can still increase the wealth that they alr eady posses.On the other hand, those who are poor have lesser ideas as well as courage in creating new ways to find a way of living. Certainly, the rich ones who have greater education have greater chances of creating possibilities for themselves to attain financial success in their lives. More often than not, the rich ones who are already settled in their situation are the ones who have greater chances of increasing their authority and power in the society through the use of their finances (Gelb, 1986, 22).Meanwhile, the poor one who are receiving lesser than needed are focusing on the things that they could only attain. They have lesser time spent on thinking how to increase their finances since they are already only trying to live by with what they have, and they do not have enough hopes of spending their time in planning, since they are already so consumed with their present situation. The Teenage Girls and their Reactions to Poverty There are believably three major results of poverty among young girls both in America and Africa. The said three major results are as followsDiagram 2 The make of Poverty on Young Teenage Girls in America and Africa Explanation From the diagram presented herein, it could be observed that girls from both Africa and America who for some reasons are afflicted by poverty react in almost the same way to the level of being directly affected by the situation (Tanenbaum, 2000, 13). Most likely, their health and their safety becomes the most vulnerable element that needs some attention from the governing authorities who have concern over the situation (Riordan, 2004, 18).Undeniably, although the said societies are separately identified as more or less incompatible in terms of economic standing in the world trade, the reasons behind their poverty levels are somewhat identical that brings the results of the said situation in the society towards the teenage girl-population of the said communities somewhat common and identical as wel l. (Vendela, 2004, 18) Conclusion The belief behind the existence of the poor and the reasons behind the said situation is naturally noted as something that needs to be closely identified to be able to help function the issues that bind poverty with that of human society today.The young ones, being the main target of the situation teenage girls in particular are facing a great quarrel of remaining strong in facing the said issues of lacking the needed strength. Psychologists and other government authorities could help much in defining the different solutions that are made available for the ones affected by the afflictions brought about by poverty in both industrialized and still-developing countries such as that of Africa.References IRIN News entropy Africa Land ownership remains racially skewed May 24, 2005 IRIN News Land reform in Southern Africa July, 2003. IRIN News Zimbabwe Land reform omits farm workers Land reform in Southern Africa July, 2003. Bowler, Peter. The Eclips e of Darwinism Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900. Baltimore, 1983. Gelb, S. A. Henry H. Goddard and the Immigrants, 1910-1917 The Studies and their Social Context, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 22 (1986) 324-332. Rosenberg, Charles E. The irate Fruit Heredity, Disease and Social Thought, Perspectives in American History 8 (1974)189-235. David C Korten. When Corporations Rule the valet. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. (2001) 345-346. Founou-Tchuigoua, Bernard Food self-sufficiency Crisis of the collective ideology African husbandry The critical choices. United Nations University Press (1990) ISBN 0-86232-798-9 Milich, Lenard (1997) Food security in Pre-Colonial Hausaland .World Commission on Protected Areas (1995-2006) WCPA West and Central Africa Region Key Issues The World Conservation Union National Academy of Sciences Lost Crops of AfricaGrains ISBN 0-309-04990-3 publication announcement March 4, 1996 Future Harvest With time run ning out, scientists attempt rescue of African vegetable crops. News Feature November 29, 2001 Gouse, Marnus et al. Three seasons of subsistence insect-resistant maize in South Africa have smallholders benefited? AgBioForum Volume 9, No. 1 (2006) Singh, B. P. (2002)Nontraditional crop production in Africa for export. p. 8692. In J. Janick and A. Whipkey (eds. ), Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA. Leora Tanenbaum. (2000). Slut Growing Up Female with a Bad Reputation. Harper Paperbacks 1 edition. Teresa Riordan. (2004). Inventing Beauty A History of the Innovations that Have Made Us Beautiful. Broadway Publishing. Vendela Vida. (2000). Girls on the Verge Debutante Dips, Drive-bys, and Other Initiations. St. Martins Griffin 5th edition.

Research Proposal Essay Example for Free

Research Proposal EssayCorrectional inmates admit in drug-related and sexual risk behaviors, and the transmission of HIV, hepatitis, and sexually transmitted diseases occurs in correctional facilities. However, there is uncertainty about the extent of transmission, and hyperbolic descriptions of its extent may further stigmatize inmates and elicit punitive responses. Whether transmittance was acquired at heart or outside correctional facilities, the prevalence of HIV and other infectious diseases is much higher among inmates than among those in the general community, and the burden of disease among inmates and releases is disproportionately heavy. A comprehensive response is needed, including impulsive counseling and testing on request that is linked to high-quality treatment, disease prevention education, substance abuse treatment, and discharge planning and transitional programs for releases. General ara cosmos studied Sexual activity among inmates is a complex phenomen on that occurs along a continuum, from the entirely consensual to the violently coerced.The New York Times detailed a gang-run strategy of sexual slavery in a Texas prison, where at least 1 gay inmate claimed he was bought and sold numerous times and forced into vocal sex and anal sex on a daily basis. 9 Recent federal legislation called for research into the prevalence and patterns of rape and other sexual victimization within correctional facilities to inform policy changes aimed at controlling these abuses. 9 A Human Rights Watch report presented accounts of sexual slavery from inmates in Texas, Illinois, Michigan, California, and Arkansas and asserted that sexual victimization threatens inmates essential human rights.Importance of the studied area Conditions vary widely between correctional facilities and among these conditions is an opportunity for inmates to engage in sexual activity and drug use. Despite the denials of some correctional administrators, sexual activity and illicit drug use do take move into in prisons and jails. A survey of inmates in a southeastern state prison system estimated that, on average, 44% of the inmates had sexual contact with other inmates. 1 Studies of US correctional systems published between 1982 and 2002 found that anywhere from 2% to 65% of inmates had homosexual contact while incarcerated. Studies of incoming, current, and former inmates in New York City, Illinois, Canada, Hungary, Thailand, and many other countries showed the prevalence and the riskiness of inmates sexual and drug use behaviors. 27 Because of the general lack of condoms and sterile needles/syringes, such behavior may contract greater risk within correctional facilities than on the outside. 8 Stated Problem During the early years of the AIDS epidemic, prisons and jails were commonly called breeding grounds for AIDS. much(prenominal) statements are still made today.A Google search on May 19, 2005, of the terms breeding ground AND HIV AND prisons y ielded more than than 800 entries from newspapers, United Nations agencies, AIDS active groups, and human rights organizations around the world. However intended, such opinions imply that unprotected sex and the sharing of drug injection equipment are rampant in prisons and that these activities commonly sequel in the transmission of HIV, hepatitis, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Background of problem Overall, there are uncertainties about the extent and the nature of infectious disease transmission within correctional facilities.Some of the aforementioned studies reached qualitative conclusions about the extent of transmission that are not supported by their analyses. Moreover, even when studies estimated the annual incidence of infection among inmates, the meaning and significance of such figures are not clear. On its face, an annual incidence rate of 0. 5% canvasms low. Yet, if such rates are applied to the follow prison population, or even to that proportion of p risoners who engage in high-risk sexual or drug use behaviors, they may translate into substantial rime of infections.However, even such numbers do not justify the use of metaphors such as breeding ground to characterize correctional facilities. Although some inmates are clearly being infected as a result of drug-related and sexual risk behaviors while incarcerated, the vast majority of cases among inmates probably are the result of exposure while in the general community. sexually transmitted diseases are known to be more prevalent in correctional facilities. Although, sexual activity is disallow in prisons sex acts still takes place.Transmitted diseases are higher among jail and prison population because inmates do not have access to condoms. Correctional facilities see giving condoms to inmates as encouraging homosexuality. However, numerous local screening studies and several national literature reviews reveal that women specifically girls in juvenile facilities and women in bragging(a) correctional facilities are more likely to have a sexually transmitted disease than men in these type facilities (Hammett, 2009).According, to the HIV and Aids Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Incarceration, among Women National and Southern perspectives study the prevalence of HIV and other Sexually transmitted diseases are higher amongst female than male population in jail and prison facilities. This study advises the infectious disease HIV is three percent to two percent nationally. However HIV is found to be more common among prisoners released from correctional facilities in the south. In 1999 twenty six percent of people living with HIV were released from prison or jail that year.The study as well as reflects fifteen percent of women with HIV were correctional releases the study also suggests that incarceration rates are higher in the south than majority of other regions and about women with HIV are poor African American women from rural areas (Hammett, 2009). However, one must ask themselves does this study reflect inmates going in to serve a sentence or inmates being released from prison. Because there are several ways in which males can contract HIV.

Organisations culture Essay Example for Free

Organisations cultivation Essay1.Executive summaryIn this motif I gestate at how fundamental laws develop civilisation and how this socialisation can be created, manipulated and changed my centering. I withal look at what other factors can change and affect a companies culture. The paper ordain take the following format. A definition of culture and the problems associated with its definition. I then look at how organisationl culture develops, with an explanation of the levels of ethnic analysis, a look at the various different attributes of culture, and the role of the leader/manager in creating the organisations culture. How culture can be changed and the skills and actions needed by management to achieverfully use a cultural change. I then finish with a conclusion.2.Defining organisational cultureWhat is organisational culture? This it has been found, is not an easy question to answer. The concept of culture has its roots in anthropology, the study of human affai rs. In this context, culture has been used to designate two different things. A tribe or a social group is canvas as a culture that produces and whitethorn maintain cultural artefacts. The second use of the term refers to aspects at bottom a given culture, such(prenominal) as customs, rituals, association and so on. (Sackman, S, 1991). In the context of organisational culture it is for the most severalise the second approach that is studied. Although people may not be aw ar consciously of culture, it still has a persuasive influence over their demeanor and actions. (Mullins, L, 2002). This statement explains that although we may not have the knowledge that we belong to a authentic cultural group it will still have an impact on our behaviour and in an organisational sense, our working lives.The culture concept began to affect organisational thinking in the late 1970s and earlyish 1980s. Although is it evident in ideas from a hail of earlier writers, for example Bernard (193 8) and Jacques (1952). If we look at a number of different of organisations it is clear to see that things atomic number 18 befuddle differently. This idea applies to alone organisations, even in similar companies that are operating in the same industry. Tesco providesmuch the same service as Sainsburys, but on close inspection we would be able to see the differences in which the two companies operate.It is more difficult however to describe how things are through differently, or why the fellowship feels different. A major problem with the concept of culture is the degree to which individuals, organisations or entire communities display characteristics which are consistent within it. (Martin, J, 2001). Do alone British people display characteristics that are consistent with British culture? It is clear that although there are many similarities in the behaviour of people within a defined culture, that individual differences provide some variety. The same moldiness also be assum ed in the context of organisational culture.Another problem with finding a definition for organisational culture is the sheer number of definitions that already exist. Kroeber and Kluckhorn list more than 250 definitions of culture, that include components such as ideas, concepts, ideologies value, attitudes, goals, norms, learned behaviours, symbols, rites, rituals, customs, myths, habits or artefacts such as tools and other material representations. (Sackman, S, 1991). This inevitably leads to confusion amongst researchers as to a universal definition of organisational culture.The term the way we do things around here (Deal and Kennedy, 1988) is often accredited as an operational definition of organisational culture. However this offers little in terms of the content of culture.Kilman et al. (1985) suggests culture is the smooths the ideologies, shared philosophies, value beliefs, assumptions, attitudes, expectations, and norms of an organisation3.Levels of cultureNow we have l ooked at a definition of organisational culture we should look deeper into what develops and makes up an organisations culture.According to Schein (1985), organisational culture is made up of three levels.Visible organisational structures and processes(Hard to decipher)Strategies, goals, philosophies(Espoused justification)Unconscious, taken for granted beliefs, habits of perception, impression thought and feeling(Ultimate source of values and action)The Levels of makeupal Culture, Schein, E (1985)ArtefactsThese form the surface level of culture. They include wholly the things that a person sees, hears and has contact with. In an organisation it would be the architecture of the environment such as the management hierarchy, its technology, its creations and products and its style in terms of manners of ad reduce two up and charge the hierarchy, dress codes and formal procedures.Schein identifies the most important point of this level being that artefacts are easy to identify but hard to decipher. Two organisations may easily have the same system in operation but they can mean different things in terms of the culture of the organisation. Schein puts his point into an example by saying both the Egyptians and Mayas built with child(p) pyramids, but they were tombs in one culture and temples in the other. This point is contradicted by Gagliardi (1990) who says ones own response to physical artefacts such as buildings and other emplacement layouts can lead to the identification of major images and root metaphors that reflect the deepest levels of culture.This is supported by my own experience. I have worked in a supermarket, anorganisation with a tall management hierarchy. Many of the artefacts of the organisation gave the impression of a actually formal culture. A strict uniformed dress code was in place, with management wearing different colours from subordinates, and formal forms of address being used. The telephoner was also largely bureaucratic with c ountless forms to be filled out a large numbers of standard procedures in place. One person however may look at a very informal organisation and class it as inefficient and unproductive, while another may class it as innovative and free from unnecessary bureaucracy, this depends on the individuals earlier preconceptions nigh the artefacts that are present.ValuesValues are usually one persons beliefs about a given situation. If a manager believes that at a certain time of the year his/her familiarity should run at a lower capacity due to demand etc. This is attributed to his personal values. solo once these values are acted on, supremacyfully implemented and accepted by the organisation do they become transformed into underlying assumptions. From a marketing perspective, some of these values may remain conscious and may be explicitly stated in a companys mission statement as the dominant values of the organisation (Deal and Kennedy, 1982). Only values that are concrete that can be physically and socially validated, they are confirmed by the groups experiences, go by means of his transformation process.Underlying assumptionsIf a solution to a problem works frequently then it is often accepted as a rule for solving the given problem. The power of culture comes forth because these assumptions are shared within the group and are therefore mutually reinforced. These assumptions can often cause problems when someone rude(a), with a different heap of underlying assumptions from a previous culture, joins the organisation.As humans we like stability. Any decision which challenges or questions an underlying assumption, such as changing a cost method, or a method ofproduction, will likely lead to anxiety and defensiveness within the organisation. A skill acquired by managers wishing to change aspects of an organisations culture is to value this connection, to get to the deeper levels of culture, and to deal with the anxiety that results when these assumptions ar e changed.The three stages are linked constantly together. Basic assumptions are treated as the essence- what culture really is and values and behaviours are treated as observed manifestations of the culture essence. (Mullins, 2002).We are able to see now how culture is developed in term of values being acted upon and accepted by the organisation, these values being transformed into underlying assumptions and the artefacts of the organisation being formed by the interpretation of these underlying assumptions.4.Types of organisational culture happy (1993) identifies four types of organisational culture.Power culturePower cultures revolve around a focal person or small group, this person or group has imperative power throughout the entire organisation. It is often found in small entrepreneurial companies, and relies largely on trust and communication. It is normally non-bureaucratic with few formal procedures. The success of the organisation depends largely on the skill of the focal person or group.Role cultureRole cultures are often largely bureaucratic, it is often exposit as a small number of senior managers resting on the strong pillars of the various functions of the organisation. Each person has a specified role within a function of the organisation which in turn has a specified role withinorganisation as a whole. These roles are expected to be adhered to and it is disused for an individual or function to deviate into different areas of the business. Predictability and stability are two main themes within this type of culture. This type of culture often develops in large companies with large numbers of staff and a tall management hierarchy. Companies with this type of culture tend to have steady objectives and operate in largely predictive markets. Again this relates back my own experience as this type of culture is largely prevalent in supermarket chains.Task cultureTask cultures recognise the objectives and goals of the organisation as being paramount . Handy describes this as a net or matrix culture. Power is often shared by a group of experts who are highly manoeuvrable to suit the needs of the organisation. It largely found in team or project based organisations such as consultancy firms or engineers.Person CulturePerson cultures are largely individual orientated. Any structure is solely suited to aid the individuals within the organisation. There is no proper(postnominal) power structure with individuals having complete power over their own operations. Examples of this would be barristers chambers, architects, business consultants, individuals that have come together to share resources such as office space and admin support.Some people are more suited to different types of cultures than others. Where one person will be happy working in an organisation with a task culture, he/she may feel constricted and undervalued in a role culture environment. Another person may be the black eye and may feel secure within a largely role orientated company.An important skill for managers is being able firstly to identify the type of culture his/her organisation is operating in and then to hire the correct people for that culture, this helps in reducing any anxiety caused bychanges to underlying assumptions antecedently discussed.There are many other models of the types of organisational culture available to the researcher. Writings by Deal and Kennedy on the generic cultures, Ouchis type Z companies, and several more. The instruction of this paper however is on the development and change of culture and this will be explored in the following sections.5. Factors affecting the development of cultureThe role of the stopOrganisations do not form accidentally or spontaneously. They are created because one or more individuals perceive that the coordinated and concerted action of a number of people can accomplish something that an individual cannot (Frost,p et al. 1991)At the beginning of an organisations life the founder often has complete control over the organisation. He/she will make most of not all of the important decisions over all areas of the organisations operations. Because they had the airplane pilot idea, founders will typically have their own notion, based on their own cultural history and personality of how to get the idea fulfilled. (Schein, 1985). Since the founder started the group it is natural to assume that he/she also impose their thoughts, values and assumptions on the group. As freshly members enter the group the founders assumption will be changed and modified to suit the new organisation, but will always have the biggest impact on what becomes the organisational culture.This has large implications for the future of the organisation. If the company was founded by an informal, easy going type of person then this is the type of organisational culture that is likely to develop. Similarly if the organisation is founded by a formal, autocratic person, the company will likely de velop this kind of organisational culture. This will continue to form the organisations culture and have a large influence on the actions of the company even if new leaders are brought in to the organisation. The assumptions of the founder will already be deep routed and form the basis ofthe culture. coatSize affects an organisation because of the formality that is often required in larger companies. A large company with many levels of management and a large number of functions or even businesses cannot realistically operate on an informal level. This has implications for the culture of the organisation.TechnologyIf the company uses highly technological systems and procedures in its operations ie pharmaceuticals, the cultural tenseness will be on the technical skills of its employees. A company in the service sector may have a cultural slant towards node service.Goals and objectivesWhat the organisation wants to achieve will also affect culture. An organisation that wishes to beco me a market leader may inherit cultural values that reflect that attitude, i.e. company image focused, or have a heavy marketing orientation.EnvironmentThere are many environmental factors that can affect an organisations culture, stakeholders, competitors, regimen etc. etc. How a company chooses to interact with each of these environmental forces will determine how the organisations culture develops.PeopleThe preferred style of work amongst both senior management and employees has a large effect on the organisations culture. If senior management attempt to implement a culture that is unacceptable to employees a response willfollow, industrial action, low motivation, poor productivity etc. Likewise if employees attempt to force management into following their own culture then a negative reaction will also result. i.e. relocation or the replacement of workers.(Section taken from Martin, J, Organizational Behaviour, 2001)Senior management need to realise the factors that affect an o rganisations culture and attempt to you analyse the likely impact major business decisions may have. Failure to do may have negative consequences for the culture and hence the success of the company.6.Cultural change, the role of managementThere is some considerable debate as to whether changing something as deep-seated as corporate culture is possible Writers with this heap usually focus on the deeper levels of culture, the underlying assumptions. Turner (1986) supports this view by suggesting that it would not be possible to manipulate it accurately because it becomes such an integral part of the organisations fabric. Because these are taken for granted assumptions about organisational life, members cannot envision any other way of operating.Those advocating corporate culture usually focus on the surface elements of culture, the artefacts. These are more easily changed than the deeper routed assumptions. Some writers have argued that unless the deeper assumptions are changed that the company will revert back to old ways of operating. Despite these arguments there is wide consensus that cultural change should only be attempted as a last resort and after other avenues have been sought.(Cummings, Worley, 1993)A primary task of management is to control the activity of employees to best serve defined organizational interests. They can achieve this control using formalized rules (bureaucratic mechanisms), economic rewards and sanctions or values and norms about how the work is to be done (clan or culturalmechanisms) (Wilkins and Ouchi, 1983 cited by Sinclair, A, 1993). This statement reflects the common view that organisational culture needs to be aligned with organisational strategy if the company is to be successful. Many companies have now realised the importance of developing strategies harmonious with the organisations culture.Sometimes however culture needs to be changed, if circumstances require an organisation to follow a particular strategic route or a s ignificant change affects the organisation i.e. market forces, government action, rapid reaping etc. then the culture will have to be adjusted to suit the strategy and external environment.Managers require many skills in order to successfully change an organisations culture. It is a lengthy process that is full of danger. Staff need to be reassured and convinced that the new culture will work, otherwise self-renunciation mechanisms and the problems discussed earlier may begin show.The following guidelines to changing culture have been cited in (Cummings, T, Worley, C, Organization development and change, 1993)1.Clear strategic vision- the firm needs to have a clear view of its operational strategy if culture is to be changed. Managers need to know where the company is now and where it is planning on going.2.Top-management commitment- cultural change must be managed from the top of the organisation. Senior managers need to be committed to the new culture. They must have the staying to see the changes through.3.Symbolic leadership- executives must communicate the new culture through their own actions. Their behaviour needs to symbolise the behaviours and actions that are being sought in the entire organisation. In an example given in the text, the CEO of Dana hatful Rene McPherson threw the companies multi-volume policy manuals into a waste paper basket during a meeting and replaced them with a one page set of principles.4.Supporting organisational change- the culture change must also be supported by changes in the organisational structure and operations, the artefacts as have already been discussed. They can get people aware of the behaviours required in the new culture for the organisation to be successful.5.Selection and socialization of newcomers and termination of deviants. One of the most important methods in changing an organisations culture is hiring the right people. This is particularly prominent in management positions where the manager has influen ce over the behaviour of subordinates.6.Ethical and legal sensibility- sometimes when culture change happens some employees feel they are being hard done by, maybe due to a change in roles, due a promise made during the transition that has been fulfilled. This may lead to legal battles and or resignations from the company.These travel demonstrate some of the ways that managers can influence and successfully change an organisations culture. There is of course no universal solution to changing or influencing culture, all companies are different and individual approaches are more than likely necessary for cultural change to be successful.An example of cultural change is given in (Martin, J, Organizational Behaviour, 2001). In this case study of a motor car dealership in the UK, the newly appointed managing director wanted to change the company culture. The existing culture was largely autocratic with instructions coming down the hierarchy and staff carrying out these instructions. She wanted to change the culture so that the company has a more had team based approach with decision making at team level and initiative being used at all levels of the organisation.To do this she had to use drastic tactics such as showing staff a video of disappointed customers and even accepting a dismissal in revenue while the changes were being made. Along with this approach she introduced many changed such as more staff training, revision of pay schemes, continuous returns groups, multi-functional teams etc. After three years the culture change was deemed complete and she could turn her hand to the future of the company.This case study highlights the often drastic measures and level of commitment that is required by managers to introduce a culture change to an organisation.7.ConclusionIt is relatively clear that organisational culture exists and that it plays a huge part in an organisations actions and the behaviour of its employees. Very few writers now argue with this point. I have discussed how culture develops in an organisation and the different levels and types of culture that emerge. Referring back to the second part of the original question, we have seen how managers can influence and attempt to change an organisations culture and the various problems that are encountered in this process. Although there are debates as to whether an organisations culture can or cannot be changed it would seem that there is a mid-point between the two arguments.There are examples of successful culture changes and I have given one in the text. It is clear that if properly organised and implemented a cultural change can be achieved. However we cannot assume that the culture has been changed all together. If the underlying assumptions are as strong as Schein and other writers claim then these will always affect the company culture in some shape or form. If the new culture is not carefully controlled could reappear. To conclude I would say, although cultural can be chan ged to suit the environment and organisational strategy, that managers should be cautious take into circular the underlying principles that govern the organisational culture.8.ReferencesMartin, J, (2001), Organizational Behaviour, 2nd edn, Thomson LearningMullins, L, (2002), Management and Organisational Behaviour, 2nd edn, Financial Times, Prentice HallSchein, E, (1992), Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2nd edn,Jossey-Bass Inc.Cummings, T and Worley, C, (1993), Organization Development and Change, 5th edn , West Publishing CompanySackman, S, (1991), Cultural knowledge in Organizations Exploring the Collective Mind, Sage PublicationsFrost, P et al. (1991), Reframing Organizational Culture, Sage PublicationsSinclair, A, (1993), Approaches to organisational culture and ethics, journal of Business Ethics, Dordrecht Jan 1993. Vol. 12, Iss. 1 pg. 63, 11 pgsWilson, A (2001), Understanding organisational culture and the implications for corporatemarketing, European Journal of Market ing, Bradford, Vol. 35, Iss. 3/4 pg. 353