Organisations culture Essay Example for Free

Organisations cultivation Essay1.Executive summaryIn this motif I gestate at how fundamental laws develop civilisation and how this socialisation can be created, manipulated and changed my centering. I withal look at what other factors can change and affect a companies culture. The paper ordain take the following format. A definition of culture and the problems associated with its definition. I then look at how organisationl culture develops, with an explanation of the levels of ethnic analysis, a look at the various different attributes of culture, and the role of the leader/manager in creating the organisations culture. How culture can be changed and the skills and actions needed by management to achieverfully use a cultural change. I then finish with a conclusion.2.Defining organisational cultureWhat is organisational culture? This it has been found, is not an easy question to answer. The concept of culture has its roots in anthropology, the study of human affai rs. In this context, culture has been used to designate two different things. A tribe or a social group is canvas as a culture that produces and whitethorn maintain cultural artefacts. The second use of the term refers to aspects at bottom a given culture, such(prenominal) as customs, rituals, association and so on. (Sackman, S, 1991). In the context of organisational culture it is for the most severalise the second approach that is studied. Although people may not be aw ar consciously of culture, it still has a persuasive influence over their demeanor and actions. (Mullins, L, 2002). This statement explains that although we may not have the knowledge that we belong to a authentic cultural group it will still have an impact on our behaviour and in an organisational sense, our working lives.The culture concept began to affect organisational thinking in the late 1970s and earlyish 1980s. Although is it evident in ideas from a hail of earlier writers, for example Bernard (193 8) and Jacques (1952). If we look at a number of different of organisations it is clear to see that things atomic number 18 befuddle differently. This idea applies to alone organisations, even in similar companies that are operating in the same industry. Tesco providesmuch the same service as Sainsburys, but on close inspection we would be able to see the differences in which the two companies operate.It is more difficult however to describe how things are through differently, or why the fellowship feels different. A major problem with the concept of culture is the degree to which individuals, organisations or entire communities display characteristics which are consistent within it. (Martin, J, 2001). Do alone British people display characteristics that are consistent with British culture? It is clear that although there are many similarities in the behaviour of people within a defined culture, that individual differences provide some variety. The same moldiness also be assum ed in the context of organisational culture.Another problem with finding a definition for organisational culture is the sheer number of definitions that already exist. Kroeber and Kluckhorn list more than 250 definitions of culture, that include components such as ideas, concepts, ideologies value, attitudes, goals, norms, learned behaviours, symbols, rites, rituals, customs, myths, habits or artefacts such as tools and other material representations. (Sackman, S, 1991). This inevitably leads to confusion amongst researchers as to a universal definition of organisational culture.The term the way we do things around here (Deal and Kennedy, 1988) is often accredited as an operational definition of organisational culture. However this offers little in terms of the content of culture.Kilman et al. (1985) suggests culture is the smooths the ideologies, shared philosophies, value beliefs, assumptions, attitudes, expectations, and norms of an organisation3.Levels of cultureNow we have l ooked at a definition of organisational culture we should look deeper into what develops and makes up an organisations culture.According to Schein (1985), organisational culture is made up of three levels.Visible organisational structures and processes(Hard to decipher)Strategies, goals, philosophies(Espoused justification)Unconscious, taken for granted beliefs, habits of perception, impression thought and feeling(Ultimate source of values and action)The Levels of makeupal Culture, Schein, E (1985)ArtefactsThese form the surface level of culture. They include wholly the things that a person sees, hears and has contact with. In an organisation it would be the architecture of the environment such as the management hierarchy, its technology, its creations and products and its style in terms of manners of ad reduce two up and charge the hierarchy, dress codes and formal procedures.Schein identifies the most important point of this level being that artefacts are easy to identify but hard to decipher. Two organisations may easily have the same system in operation but they can mean different things in terms of the culture of the organisation. Schein puts his point into an example by saying both the Egyptians and Mayas built with child(p) pyramids, but they were tombs in one culture and temples in the other. This point is contradicted by Gagliardi (1990) who says ones own response to physical artefacts such as buildings and other emplacement layouts can lead to the identification of major images and root metaphors that reflect the deepest levels of culture.This is supported by my own experience. I have worked in a supermarket, anorganisation with a tall management hierarchy. Many of the artefacts of the organisation gave the impression of a actually formal culture. A strict uniformed dress code was in place, with management wearing different colours from subordinates, and formal forms of address being used. The telephoner was also largely bureaucratic with c ountless forms to be filled out a large numbers of standard procedures in place. One person however may look at a very informal organisation and class it as inefficient and unproductive, while another may class it as innovative and free from unnecessary bureaucracy, this depends on the individuals earlier preconceptions nigh the artefacts that are present.ValuesValues are usually one persons beliefs about a given situation. If a manager believes that at a certain time of the year his/her familiarity should run at a lower capacity due to demand etc. This is attributed to his personal values. solo once these values are acted on, supremacyfully implemented and accepted by the organisation do they become transformed into underlying assumptions. From a marketing perspective, some of these values may remain conscious and may be explicitly stated in a companys mission statement as the dominant values of the organisation (Deal and Kennedy, 1982). Only values that are concrete that can be physically and socially validated, they are confirmed by the groups experiences, go by means of his transformation process.Underlying assumptionsIf a solution to a problem works frequently then it is often accepted as a rule for solving the given problem. The power of culture comes forth because these assumptions are shared within the group and are therefore mutually reinforced. These assumptions can often cause problems when someone rude(a), with a different heap of underlying assumptions from a previous culture, joins the organisation.As humans we like stability. Any decision which challenges or questions an underlying assumption, such as changing a cost method, or a method ofproduction, will likely lead to anxiety and defensiveness within the organisation. A skill acquired by managers wishing to change aspects of an organisations culture is to value this connection, to get to the deeper levels of culture, and to deal with the anxiety that results when these assumptions ar e changed.The three stages are linked constantly together. Basic assumptions are treated as the essence- what culture really is and values and behaviours are treated as observed manifestations of the culture essence. (Mullins, 2002).We are able to see now how culture is developed in term of values being acted upon and accepted by the organisation, these values being transformed into underlying assumptions and the artefacts of the organisation being formed by the interpretation of these underlying assumptions.4.Types of organisational culture happy (1993) identifies four types of organisational culture.Power culturePower cultures revolve around a focal person or small group, this person or group has imperative power throughout the entire organisation. It is often found in small entrepreneurial companies, and relies largely on trust and communication. It is normally non-bureaucratic with few formal procedures. The success of the organisation depends largely on the skill of the focal person or group.Role cultureRole cultures are often largely bureaucratic, it is often exposit as a small number of senior managers resting on the strong pillars of the various functions of the organisation. Each person has a specified role within a function of the organisation which in turn has a specified role withinorganisation as a whole. These roles are expected to be adhered to and it is disused for an individual or function to deviate into different areas of the business. Predictability and stability are two main themes within this type of culture. This type of culture often develops in large companies with large numbers of staff and a tall management hierarchy. Companies with this type of culture tend to have steady objectives and operate in largely predictive markets. Again this relates back my own experience as this type of culture is largely prevalent in supermarket chains.Task cultureTask cultures recognise the objectives and goals of the organisation as being paramount . Handy describes this as a net or matrix culture. Power is often shared by a group of experts who are highly manoeuvrable to suit the needs of the organisation. It largely found in team or project based organisations such as consultancy firms or engineers.Person CulturePerson cultures are largely individual orientated. Any structure is solely suited to aid the individuals within the organisation. There is no proper(postnominal) power structure with individuals having complete power over their own operations. Examples of this would be barristers chambers, architects, business consultants, individuals that have come together to share resources such as office space and admin support.Some people are more suited to different types of cultures than others. Where one person will be happy working in an organisation with a task culture, he/she may feel constricted and undervalued in a role culture environment. Another person may be the black eye and may feel secure within a largely role orientated company.An important skill for managers is being able firstly to identify the type of culture his/her organisation is operating in and then to hire the correct people for that culture, this helps in reducing any anxiety caused bychanges to underlying assumptions antecedently discussed.There are many other models of the types of organisational culture available to the researcher. Writings by Deal and Kennedy on the generic cultures, Ouchis type Z companies, and several more. The instruction of this paper however is on the development and change of culture and this will be explored in the following sections.5. Factors affecting the development of cultureThe role of the stopOrganisations do not form accidentally or spontaneously. They are created because one or more individuals perceive that the coordinated and concerted action of a number of people can accomplish something that an individual cannot (Frost,p et al. 1991)At the beginning of an organisations life the founder often has complete control over the organisation. He/she will make most of not all of the important decisions over all areas of the organisations operations. Because they had the airplane pilot idea, founders will typically have their own notion, based on their own cultural history and personality of how to get the idea fulfilled. (Schein, 1985). Since the founder started the group it is natural to assume that he/she also impose their thoughts, values and assumptions on the group. As freshly members enter the group the founders assumption will be changed and modified to suit the new organisation, but will always have the biggest impact on what becomes the organisational culture.This has large implications for the future of the organisation. If the company was founded by an informal, easy going type of person then this is the type of organisational culture that is likely to develop. Similarly if the organisation is founded by a formal, autocratic person, the company will likely de velop this kind of organisational culture. This will continue to form the organisations culture and have a large influence on the actions of the company even if new leaders are brought in to the organisation. The assumptions of the founder will already be deep routed and form the basis ofthe culture. coatSize affects an organisation because of the formality that is often required in larger companies. A large company with many levels of management and a large number of functions or even businesses cannot realistically operate on an informal level. This has implications for the culture of the organisation.TechnologyIf the company uses highly technological systems and procedures in its operations ie pharmaceuticals, the cultural tenseness will be on the technical skills of its employees. A company in the service sector may have a cultural slant towards node service.Goals and objectivesWhat the organisation wants to achieve will also affect culture. An organisation that wishes to beco me a market leader may inherit cultural values that reflect that attitude, i.e. company image focused, or have a heavy marketing orientation.EnvironmentThere are many environmental factors that can affect an organisations culture, stakeholders, competitors, regimen etc. etc. How a company chooses to interact with each of these environmental forces will determine how the organisations culture develops.PeopleThe preferred style of work amongst both senior management and employees has a large effect on the organisations culture. If senior management attempt to implement a culture that is unacceptable to employees a response willfollow, industrial action, low motivation, poor productivity etc. Likewise if employees attempt to force management into following their own culture then a negative reaction will also result. i.e. relocation or the replacement of workers.(Section taken from Martin, J, Organizational Behaviour, 2001)Senior management need to realise the factors that affect an o rganisations culture and attempt to you analyse the likely impact major business decisions may have. Failure to do may have negative consequences for the culture and hence the success of the company.6.Cultural change, the role of managementThere is some considerable debate as to whether changing something as deep-seated as corporate culture is possible Writers with this heap usually focus on the deeper levels of culture, the underlying assumptions. Turner (1986) supports this view by suggesting that it would not be possible to manipulate it accurately because it becomes such an integral part of the organisations fabric. Because these are taken for granted assumptions about organisational life, members cannot envision any other way of operating.Those advocating corporate culture usually focus on the surface elements of culture, the artefacts. These are more easily changed than the deeper routed assumptions. Some writers have argued that unless the deeper assumptions are changed that the company will revert back to old ways of operating. Despite these arguments there is wide consensus that cultural change should only be attempted as a last resort and after other avenues have been sought.(Cummings, Worley, 1993)A primary task of management is to control the activity of employees to best serve defined organizational interests. They can achieve this control using formalized rules (bureaucratic mechanisms), economic rewards and sanctions or values and norms about how the work is to be done (clan or culturalmechanisms) (Wilkins and Ouchi, 1983 cited by Sinclair, A, 1993). This statement reflects the common view that organisational culture needs to be aligned with organisational strategy if the company is to be successful. Many companies have now realised the importance of developing strategies harmonious with the organisations culture.Sometimes however culture needs to be changed, if circumstances require an organisation to follow a particular strategic route or a s ignificant change affects the organisation i.e. market forces, government action, rapid reaping etc. then the culture will have to be adjusted to suit the strategy and external environment.Managers require many skills in order to successfully change an organisations culture. It is a lengthy process that is full of danger. Staff need to be reassured and convinced that the new culture will work, otherwise self-renunciation mechanisms and the problems discussed earlier may begin show.The following guidelines to changing culture have been cited in (Cummings, T, Worley, C, Organization development and change, 1993)1.Clear strategic vision- the firm needs to have a clear view of its operational strategy if culture is to be changed. Managers need to know where the company is now and where it is planning on going.2.Top-management commitment- cultural change must be managed from the top of the organisation. Senior managers need to be committed to the new culture. They must have the staying to see the changes through.3.Symbolic leadership- executives must communicate the new culture through their own actions. Their behaviour needs to symbolise the behaviours and actions that are being sought in the entire organisation. In an example given in the text, the CEO of Dana hatful Rene McPherson threw the companies multi-volume policy manuals into a waste paper basket during a meeting and replaced them with a one page set of principles.4.Supporting organisational change- the culture change must also be supported by changes in the organisational structure and operations, the artefacts as have already been discussed. They can get people aware of the behaviours required in the new culture for the organisation to be successful.5.Selection and socialization of newcomers and termination of deviants. One of the most important methods in changing an organisations culture is hiring the right people. This is particularly prominent in management positions where the manager has influen ce over the behaviour of subordinates.6.Ethical and legal sensibility- sometimes when culture change happens some employees feel they are being hard done by, maybe due to a change in roles, due a promise made during the transition that has been fulfilled. This may lead to legal battles and or resignations from the company.These travel demonstrate some of the ways that managers can influence and successfully change an organisations culture. There is of course no universal solution to changing or influencing culture, all companies are different and individual approaches are more than likely necessary for cultural change to be successful.An example of cultural change is given in (Martin, J, Organizational Behaviour, 2001). In this case study of a motor car dealership in the UK, the newly appointed managing director wanted to change the company culture. The existing culture was largely autocratic with instructions coming down the hierarchy and staff carrying out these instructions. She wanted to change the culture so that the company has a more had team based approach with decision making at team level and initiative being used at all levels of the organisation.To do this she had to use drastic tactics such as showing staff a video of disappointed customers and even accepting a dismissal in revenue while the changes were being made. Along with this approach she introduced many changed such as more staff training, revision of pay schemes, continuous returns groups, multi-functional teams etc. After three years the culture change was deemed complete and she could turn her hand to the future of the company.This case study highlights the often drastic measures and level of commitment that is required by managers to introduce a culture change to an organisation.7.ConclusionIt is relatively clear that organisational culture exists and that it plays a huge part in an organisations actions and the behaviour of its employees. Very few writers now argue with this point. I have discussed how culture develops in an organisation and the different levels and types of culture that emerge. Referring back to the second part of the original question, we have seen how managers can influence and attempt to change an organisations culture and the various problems that are encountered in this process. Although there are debates as to whether an organisations culture can or cannot be changed it would seem that there is a mid-point between the two arguments.There are examples of successful culture changes and I have given one in the text. It is clear that if properly organised and implemented a cultural change can be achieved. However we cannot assume that the culture has been changed all together. If the underlying assumptions are as strong as Schein and other writers claim then these will always affect the company culture in some shape or form. If the new culture is not carefully controlled could reappear. To conclude I would say, although cultural can be chan ged to suit the environment and organisational strategy, that managers should be cautious take into circular the underlying principles that govern the organisational culture.8.ReferencesMartin, J, (2001), Organizational Behaviour, 2nd edn, Thomson LearningMullins, L, (2002), Management and Organisational Behaviour, 2nd edn, Financial Times, Prentice HallSchein, E, (1992), Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2nd edn,Jossey-Bass Inc.Cummings, T and Worley, C, (1993), Organization Development and Change, 5th edn , West Publishing CompanySackman, S, (1991), Cultural knowledge in Organizations Exploring the Collective Mind, Sage PublicationsFrost, P et al. (1991), Reframing Organizational Culture, Sage PublicationsSinclair, A, (1993), Approaches to organisational culture and ethics, journal of Business Ethics, Dordrecht Jan 1993. Vol. 12, Iss. 1 pg. 63, 11 pgsWilson, A (2001), Understanding organisational culture and the implications for corporatemarketing, European Journal of Market ing, Bradford, Vol. 35, Iss. 3/4 pg. 353

Professional Development Of Teachers Education Essay

Professional Development Of Teachers Education EssayThis champaign is to examine the power of leadership in teacher professed(prenominal) increase in Chinese Indep checkent Secondary Schools in Klang Valley. The specific variables that allow for be investigated include teachers perceptions of teacher professional knowledge teachers expectations as well as the principals role in facilitating teacher professional victimization. Developments in leadership will lead to changes in the ways teachers work. These will subsequently increase the need to review teacher professional reading. The purpose of this research is to establish how the dual of the principal and the teachers manifests itself in professional development. This research will be signifi raftt as it will examine the voices of teachers on how leadership contributes to teacher professional development. The research will be conducted using qualitative methodology. It will be based on a case study of two Chinese Independe nt Secondary Schools in Klang Valley. Data will be collected using questionnaires and follow up interviews which will be administered to recruit responses from principals, deputy principals and teachers in both educates. The huskingings will reveal the need for teachers in Chinese Independent Secondary Schools in Klang Valley to engage more in teacher professional development programmes in order for them to have a better understanding of the concept. This study will also demonstrate if teacher professional development should be the core work of both the principals and teachers in order to create a learning environment in their schools so that both can develop professionally. Based on the results obtained in this study, we will determine if Chinese Independent Secondary Schools in Klang Valley need more awareness in teacher professional development and how it will influence the leadership.Keywords Leadership, Principals, Teachers, Teacher Professional Development, Teaching and Lea rningINTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this proposed qualitative study is to help principals of Chinese Independent Schools in Selangor and their supervisors understand the interaction of leadership capacity and distributed leadership practices as they relate to professional development within a school. The study will capture leadership practices in an effort to reveal how the practices impact on the professional development of the teachers. The overall question under consideration is How do schools and school leaders understand capacity building while using that process to build and/or sustain a culture for professional learning? The pattern is to understand more about systems that promote professional development and as a result contribute towards school development.The role of the principal in facilitating the development of organizational learning and capacity building via professional development related to instruction, student achievement, leadership roles, inquiry, teacher engageme nt, vision, goal setting, shared norms and values will be examined using case study methodology. Interviews, open-ended survey results, focus groups, and documents as well as environmental observations will be analyzed to reveal the role of the principal in this context. The case studies will examine the behaviors, actions, and interactions of principals and teachers within schools where leadership and professional development is considered to be in place through formal and liberal structures established at the district and building level. All of the principals in the study are from the Chinese Independent Secondary Schools in Selangor. Qualitative research is proposed in order to examine and articulate practices related to school leadership and professional development. Four case studies are proposed to help inform established and new principals acquire the paradox of leadership with purpose as well as an understanding that each story needs to be told in order to meet the liabil ity of building knowledge as part of a schools culture.Teachers are the main resources of an educational activity system. They have important roles and responsibilities to exercise in the teaching profession and to fashion students in accordance with the changing hearty needs. Therefore, professional development needs of teachers constantly change and develop along with the changing expectations regarding the tint of education, the changing social needs, technological changes and the effect of technology on learning, the change in student population, and the transforming paradigms in learning and teaching.Professional development of teachers is a must for school overture and educational change. It is useful not only for teachers, but also for students, school administrators, parents, families and colleagues. Thus, it can be considered as both an individual and social implementation. In separate words, investment on teachers is an investment on individuals whose consequences ar e directly reflected in the society as well. Professional development involves teachers acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes addressing improvements in education. It compensates the lack of education in pre-service training with the help of regular in-service training. Therefore, it can be considered as a process which starts in pre-service training and goes on with in-service training till the end of the profession.Teachers professional development is generally defined as activities such as seminars and set-courses which aim at training teachers through in-service training (Odabasi Kabakci, 2007). It is also defined as any kind of teaching-training activity to meet teachers needs that is necessary for their professional growth and development (Seferoglu, 2001). According to a broader definition, professional development consists of processes and activities designed to set up the professional knowledge, skills and attitudes of teachers so that they can improve the learni ng of students. Therefore, professional development is a process that is intentional, ongoing and systemic (Guskey, 2000).The purpose of any professional development program is to inform and change teacher behavior as a result of new information. To achieve this purpose, educators spend countless hours on professional development activities, learning to use new instructional strategies or materials (Barnett, 2003) since the professional development of teachers must be an on-going process of refining skills, inquiring into practice, and developing new methods.Professional development leads to knowledge acquisition on the superstar hand and update of current knowledge and skills on the other. In this respect, the advantages of professional development can be listed as follows (Librera et al., 2004). Professional development ameliorates the field of application, helps teachers and students meet their individual or mutual needs by providing them with the opportunities to reflect on the ir personal experiences, applications and research, orientates professional experiences of high quality in schools, contributes to educational policies in heightening standards, helps teachers understand and explain ICTs.Most countries in the world consider teacher training as a all-important(a) subject, and so does flop. Teacher training has several qualitative and quantitative insufficiencies in several countries. Regardless of the quantitative adequacy of teachers, professional development of teachers remains one of the most glaring problems of teacher training. Pre-service teachers still have the chance to develop themselves since they are still within an educational institution as learners. However, in-service teachers might find themselves abandoned as they have started working and hence feel deprived of constant mentoring and guidance. The only solution to sustain lifelong learning in Turkey is to provide in-service teachers with constant support through regular and effecti ve professional development activities

“Woodchucks” by Maxine Kumin Analysis

Woodchucks by Maxine Kumin AnalysisWoodchucks by Maxine Kumin EssayIn this poem Woodchucks, Maxine Kumin sketches a canvas of a spotlight where a frustrated farmer is trying to get rid of the woodchucks. At the beginning of the poem, seems to be more of a Tom chasing Jerry type of story merely as it progresses it turns into just ab discoverthing more serious. Kumin in this poem introduces the verbalizer as a frustrated farmer who has already make the assumption that cleansing the woodchucks is the only solvent to his/her problems. Kumin provides an alternative approach to view the woodchucks, which were once considered as the innocent creatures in the forest. Also in this poem Kumin uses some effective poetry writing skills same(p) imagery, shifts and parallels, portrays the central claim effectively, where the speaker is a frustrated angry farmer who is trying to fix his yard by getting rid of the woodchucks. And he finds that killing is the only option to get rid of them, but he wishes they (woodchucks) have a quick death instead of a painful one. Kumin is also lucky in outlining how the speaker starts to drift away from humanity bit by bit as the hatred increases. The purpose of the poem is to illustrate how a psyche who is a pacifist gets consumed by her inner killer, passing on a message that everyone has an evil side.At the very end of this poem, Kumin concludes by creating a intercourse of the farmer and woodchuck to that of the Hitler and Jews in the gas chambers of the Holocaust in World War II. After reading the poem, it doesnt feel like a song due to its rhyming scheme. This poem has a rhyming scheme but very subtle, its not the conventional rhyming scheme such as abab etc. In this case every stanza follows the rhyme scheme such as abcacb. It is very evident and the reader can notice this in the eldest read but this does not affect the effectiveness of the poem at all.The poem begins with explaining the unsuccessful attempts for removin g the pests in the very first stanza, the knockout pelt from the Feed and Grain Exchange was featured as merciful, quick at the bone (Kumin 8). By this Kumin wants to explain the reader that the first attempt was a pocket-sized merciful. Though it was still pointing towards murderous eyeshots, but it was in a merciful way which would cause less pain, quick at the bone. And then the poet continues brushwood the picture further by adding a little conception. and the case we had against them was airtight, both exits shoehorned shut with puddingstone, but they had a sub-sub- behindment out of range (Kumin 8). Kumin is successful in adding humor by mentioning the chase between the speaker and the woodchucks and how the speaker is cunningly outwitted by the woodchuck only because of his/her overconfidence. From this first stanza, it is clear that the farmer has already decided and made attempts to kill the woodchucks, where he/she starts with a merciful way and transitions towards t he brutal forms as the hatred increases. If we have to summarize the first stanza, a nice imaginative base picture is painted which depicts the funny chase between the speaker and the woodchucks.The next stanza continues extending and brushing the canvas by the verse, Next morning they turned up again, no worse for the cyanide than we for our cigarettes and state-store Scotch, all of us up to scratch (Kumin 8). By this time the readers start to sense the feeling of the hatred in the speakers mind and his/her affable situation related to woodchucks. Kumin makes use of some alliteration to highlight the words cyanide and cigarettes. They brought down the marigolds as a matter of course and then took over the vegetable patch nipping the broccoli shoots, beheading the carrots (Kumin 8). The later statements in this stanza exemplify the hatred growing inside the speaker due to the menace caused by the woodchucks in his/her yard. Speakers murderous thoughts are very evident especially wh en the carrots are referenced as being beheaded. The transition from this stanza to the third is comparatively smoother as the feeling of hatred has already evolved and this feeling is getting amplified in the third.In this third stanza the speaker has finally opened up and rolled up his/her sleeves with the immense hatred and vengeance, and this is unavoidable to be noticed by the reader. The food from our mouths, I said, righteously thrilling to the feel of the .22, the bullets neat noses (Kumin 8). The speaker, right away mentioned as killer takes a moment to express his/her grief on his/her plan of action. The overall poem goes through two very important shifts, first where the speaker starts as sensitive and then turns into insensitive and then again back to sensitive. And the second, where the speaker starts the inflection in pronouns, impersonal and then turns personal when he/she starts referencing I more as compared to we. This is very clearly evident starting from this th ird stanza. I, a lapsed pacifist fallen from grace puffed with Darwinian pieties for killing, now drew a bead on the little woodchucks face. He died down in the everbearing roses (Kumin 8). This stanza can be recognized as another inflection point where the speaker is crossing the borders to enter an uncanny pleasure zone. It is also clear that the speaker has exposed him/herself and the inner side of the speaker is evident which was hidden all along. The speaker seems to be excited and thrilled with the killing. And this thrill again continues in the next stanza as the poem moves forward.In the stern stanza, Ten minutes later I dropped the mother. She flipflopped in the air and fell, her needle teeth still hooked in a leaf of early Swiss chard (Kumin 8). Just a few minutes later, this was another brutal loss of life. The speakers thirst for blood seems to be increasing with the stanzas. Another baby next. O one-two-three the murderer inside me rose up hard, the hawkeye killer came on stage forthwith (Kumin 8). Now later on reading this line it is very much rattling and clear that the speaker is a lot more angry and frustrated and is finding some forbidden pleasure with these vicious killings. The speaker seems to be change posture in the hatred and entering the world of vengeance and inhumanity. After reading the stanzas till this point it is also very clear that the speaker found some weird satisfaction from these killings. But the next forth coming stanzas mention the cost of this satisfaction in a more detailed manner.The final or the fifth stanza continues as follows. Theres only one chuck left. Old wily fellow, he keeps me cocked and ready day after day after day. All night I hunt his humped-up form. I dream I sight along the barrel in my sleep (Kumin 8). This total massacre supplying and killing has drowned the speaker in thirst of blood, and this feeling stays with the killer no matter if he/she is sleeping, sitting, walking, running, conscious or unconscious. The last verse points out another weird psychological anomaly with the speaker. If only theyd all consented to die unseen gassed underground the quit Nazi way. This last line is a little awkward mixture of grief and murderous thoughts which are very rare. It more feels like for the speaker the killing of these woodchucks is more like a ordinary task and there is no feeling of mercy. Also from this last line it is also clear that for the speaker the guilt has returned again now and he/she feels guilty again. But there is repetitive back and forth of the speakers feelings which are backed up by justifications and explanations which just proves the ironic effect of vengeance. And the stainless justification and explanation boils down to woodchucks being at fault. It was a misfortune that occurred but it did bring a change in peoples thought process all over the world. To conclude, I still feel that there are people after the war, who still feels that violence is more e ffective approach. flora CitedSchilb, John and Clifford, John. What Is Literature? How and Why Does It Matter? Making Literature Matter An Anthology for Readers and Writers. Sixth ed. Boston-New York Bedford/St. Martins, 2014. Print.

Media Reaction to Muhammad Cartoons

Media Reaction to Muhammad Cartoons inquiry ObjectiveA quantification of social kinetics and ethics in global society. It is the aim of this work out to assess the congeneric reception of reports and their readers to the publishing of the Muhammad vignettes in conglomerate part of the macrocosm. Since the Muhammad cartoons leave behind obviously curb generated the more than or slight(prenominal) anger in the Middle east and North Africa we move over chosen to ignore those major regions.The regions we focus on atomic number 18The coupled States of the States striking Britain and EuropeThe Nations of S terminatedinaviaThe Left BankThe Indian Sub-ContinentThe Far eastern hemisphere and sulfur-East AsiaThe United States and Great Britain, of course, pull special mention beca aim of their stupefy as leaders of the Free World / leaders of the warfargon against Terror and ar by implication, leaders of the West who would possibly be (and indeed were) blamed for the pub lishing of those images (with their flags burned) regardless of their complicity or lack on that pointof in the publishing of the images (no of import stream American or British paper republished the cartoons and either g all overnment officials condemned the publishing of the same as a lack of sensitiveness towards the Moslem macrocosm of the World.The Scandinavian countries of course, apply been most of the most passive and anti-War in the past and stood together as a outcome of principle on this come forward, and nearly settle their reactions as well.The Left Bank to me comprises of the French and Germans and all costless forms that were non directly involved in the original conflict. France and Germany were a slur divided, with the ministers in ability slowly backtracking and barter for calm while the advancedspapers and opposition politicians lambasted the protests and called for their governments to condemn the negative reaction to the printing, as anti-demo cratic.We live in India of course, which in any case happens to tolerate the foundings second-largest Muslim tribe after Ind matchlesssia, and it would therefore overhearm odd to non take into account the views professed here as also in the region unspoiled closely us. chinaware is an upcoming Great Power and is highly influential in Asia, and we look at so considered the reactions from the Far East and South-East Asia as well. That answers the who? of our paper plainly we have non quite cover the why? yet.We feel out that this is meant to be a quantification of the social dynamics in a Global Society. What does that entail?Well, a multitude of objects to be h iodinest all of which be inter-linked, across the realm of the socio-political and the economic. spot it is still early in the stage to measure a communicate out we reckon that it may be possible to extrapolate on the Raw data we gathered from our content analysis, by which we can posit roughly possible ramifications for Governments and Businesses a like, and the put well(p) too.The fundamental questions we ask ourselves in the analysis, hence?What was the nature of the defense / consternation the call involved itself in with relation to this issue?Was the spoken communication used inflammatory, did it move towards peacebrokering, did it make a definitive stand?What was the stand that papers took?What was the reaction the public gave to those points of view?The answers that we found were then funneled to add precise weight to our proposition, to diverge it, or to re-evaluate it.The PropositionThat Democracies furnish the Press with trusted rights to publish that essential not be curbed (the tabloid press is a assorted matterit is the importantstream Press we discuss here). That newspapers tend towards biases or political tilts is undoubtedly undeniable, and newspapers must not be open to government censure in the matter of press liberty. While it is imperative that ne wspapers publish with responsibility to all sh atomic number 18-holders which in the field of Mass Media implies subscribers and second- sacrifice (re-issues, internet) readers.What were translateing to establish is what negative effects such stories can have upon the circulation of subject atomic number 18a newspapers and the reaction of the public to them and on the portrayal of either to the countries they deal with. There are multiple possibilities of where this research could be usedin social dynamics as we mentioned, in assessing press granting immunity or quantifying media ethics and also in much basic analyses like the reaction of slew to such incidents, (such as the boycotting of Western-made products in many parts of the Islamic world) not even getting to protests involving mass flag and effigy and product burning We will discuss this move on in our conclusionsSubjective AnalysesThe United States of AmericaFrom the voyages of Columbus-to the Oregon Trail to the jou rney to the Moon itself history proves that we have n of all time lost by pressing the limits of our apparent motioniers. George Bush, 20 July 1989 Firstly this scrapes off with a bit on the daub 9/11 reactions and observation of Americas response to the tragic attack on the World make out Center in September 2001.There are two principal features of American nationalism, two of which were evident in the response to 9/11. These are, in spirit, to a great result contradictory only now they often run together in American public life. The first is a certain element of American messianism the public opinion in America as a city on the hill, a light to the nations, which usually takes the form of a belief in the draw of Americas example. But at particular moments, and especially when America is attacked, it moves from a passive to an active form the desire to go out and real turn the world into America, as it were, to convert an opposite(prenominal) countries to democracy, to the American management of life.In principle, the desire to spread democracy in the world is of course not a magnanimous intimacy. But there are two huge problems with it. One is that because this element of American messianism is so deeply rooted in American civic nationalism, in what has been called the American Creed, and in fundamental aspects of Americas national identity, it can produce and after 9/11 did produce an atmosphere of debate in America which is untold more dominated by myth than by any serious look at the reality of the foreign world. Myths well-nigh American benevolence, myths about America spreading freedom, myths about the rest of the world scatty America to spread freedom, as opposed to listening to what the rest of the world in truth has to say about American policies.The second feature that cuts across this American messianism, however, is what can be called the American antithesis, that is to say, those elements in the American nationalist traditio n which rattling contradict both American civic nationalism and the American Creed. These elements, which are very strong in parts of America, include national chauvinism, wickedness of outsiders, and timidity and scorn of the outside world. This is particularly true in the case of the Muslim world, both because America has been under attack from Muslim terrorists for almost two generations now, solely also because of the kind with Israel, and the way in which pro-Israeli influences here have contributed to demonizing the Muslim world in general.This results in an incredible situation on the one hand and there are here particularly the neo-cons the Bush administration who want to democratize the Muslim world, while on the opposite, neo-conservatives do not even bedevil to hide their contempt for Muslims and Arabs. Sometimes you hear, and even read, phrases like, The further language that Arabs understand is force, Let them hate us so long as they fear us and so on. This is absolutely contradictory commonwealth saying they want to democratize the Arab world but displaying utter contempt for Arab public opinion. Of course this is not just a lesson failing, or a propaganda failing. It also leads to practical disasters, like the extraordinary belief that you could pretend at least to be introducing democracy, and on the separate hand, you could approximatelyhow land Ahmed Chalabi on Iraqis as a pro-American strongman, and that nighhow the local population would line up to salute you and happily accept this. The tip to which this is fundamental to the American national identity and is widely trustd to keep Americans together means that it is very difficult in this agricultural to challenge these myths When it comes to the newspapers in the United States there are those which take up a much more heavy(p) stance while there are those that are hard and not targeted but go to the extremes of the phrase the land of the free. The one positive point of the country is that when it is said that there is freedom of oral communication, there is a group of it, and because of which one has seen, documentaries (although on a single persons mindset) such as Fahrenheit 9/11 which although is extremely, targeting the Bush Administration but also reveals to the world the inner workings of the worlds most powerful nation.In this Write up references taken up were from six American newspapers namelyThe New York clockThe Boston GlobeThe lettuce TribuneThe Washington PostThe Los Angeles TimesNewsweek MagazineIn all 18 terms from these newspapers have been analyzed to give out an opinion of what American nationalism is and to what extent is it prevalent in some leading newspapers in the United States of America.Among the Newspapers taken up and the articles under reference a pattern can be seen that everyone follows each(prenominal) otherwise and that only a a few(prenominal) dare to twist the use of words to mention of names of officia ls and other peck of brilliance. With the current invasion of Iraq and the ever growing temper against the Americans by the Muslim World a majority of the articles will be based on Iraq, the Middle East, and terrorism and on the Muslim world. Since the attacks on 9/11 America has been in a never ending battle with terrorism, along with allied support from various other countries in the world. But does it explain its actions, the Invasion of Iraq, The bombings in Afghanistan, The claims of nuclear threat, even targeting Saddam Hussein. Is this all truly in the best interest of the world or just a back up for the worlds most powerful nation. Where millions of battalion in these areas have lost their lives, damage of property estimated in millions, use of weapons in large quantities, destroying nations..Although these locomote have already been taken by the U.S. it was now up to the newspapers in the country to report out the activities pickings place in the war partition in wh ich their country was playing a major part. As far as one can see, the newspapers do not seem to play a one-sided power or seem to tilt to a particular side but with reports from all angles in the battlefield and the repercussions back home one gets the feel that the newspapers are sensible and have a definite role which is positive in the world today. With a large cloud of disbelief and hatred and disgust looming over the Americans along with the outbursts of the Muslim community, today the American media and that of the world play a vital role in maintaining the stable atmosphere that we have today. The newspapers, one of the most powerful mediums of spreading awareness plays a pivotal role and an extremely delicate role keeping in mind sentiments of the various communities in the world. Seems to me like most raft would be able to grasp the difference that organism patriotic means loving America, while universe flag-waving(a) places America, which can do no wrong, supra other nations. The former is good. Its healthy. It promotes pride in ones nation. The latter, however, is not good. Its very unhealthy. It promotes arrogance to the point of hostility.Arnold Toynbee in one case said Great empires do not die by murder, but suicide. Would one say that its where the United States is heading?EuropeReport British newspapers and British reactions The cartoon plunder published by danish pastry newspaper Jyllands Posten, depicted the prophet Mohammed with a ticking time bomb for his head sparked widespread protests and violent demonstration across Europe and Asia. The drawings were in the beginning commissioned by Jyllands-Posten from Danish artists after an origin could not find an illustrator to depict Mohammed in a biography of the visionary. The Danish cartoonists submitted a range of images, all banned by Islam, which strictly for weighs depictions of the Prophet to avoid encouraging idolatry .One depicts a grinning, knife-wielding Mohammed flanked by two veiled women. Another, which appeared on the front page of frighten off Welt in Germany, and in La Stampa in Italy, shows the Prophet wearing a bomb-shaped turban, topped by a hissing fuse. The Spanish newspaper alphabet used a photograph of the original Danish newspaper, with its 12 cartoons. Die Welt also ran an editorial regretting a decision by the Danish newspaper to prune for the upset caused. The Jyllands Posten has not apologized but its editor, Carsten Juste, said he would not have printed them had we known that it would lead to boycotts and Danish lives being endangered.These episodes of protests and demonstrations have raised heightened debates on the limits that the press should adhere to. And to defend their rights to freedom of air, some newspapers went ahead and reprinted the inflammatory comic strip. The result was just as expected, with individual rights at loggerheads with the rights of the press, the world watches as the fire spreads slowly yet steadily ov er different parts of the world. London witnessed some violent protests where people took to the streets and embraced the Al-Qaeda and calling for the beheading of non-believers. avocation this reaction, the liberal Muslims, that constitute the majority of the Muslim population in London, were left aghast and quickly took to the street making clear they were not around to strike mindless violence. The organizers had headachefully chosen banners which had simple messages like united against islamophobia, united against incitement, mercy to mankind and Mohammed, symbol of freedom and honor.Amongst the gathering were a number of uncontaminating people who were opposing the sudden rise in violence. A rally held in Trafalgar Square on the 11th of February was support by the mayor of London, Ken Livingstone. From among the crowd, a Mrs.Brka said, if you slap someone once, then okay, but if you slap someone 10 times, they will do something about it. This was in reaction to the repr int of the comic strip by newspapers across Europe. closely of the violence that spread across the globe was completely reactionary and most were incited by imams who vehemently preached of the outside(a) jihad against the west. The press too held their own in defending their freedom of expression. In France the front page of the France-Soir tabloid carried the headline Yes, We Have the indemnify to Caricature divinity and a cartoon of Buddhist, Jewish, Muslim and Christian divinities floating on a cloud. Inside, the paper re-ran the Danish drawings. The appearance of the 12 drawings in the Danish press elicit emotions in the Muslim world because the re contributeation of Allah and his prophet is forbidden, it said. But because no ghostly dogma can impose itself on a democratic and blase society, France Soir is publishing the incriminating caricatures.The protests during the later part of February in London were simply gatherings of Muslims from all over London in a bid for pe ace and adjustmentScandinaviaReport Scandinavia Denmark, Norway and Finland In this part of the project well try to understand what had happened in Denmark with regards to the drawings on the prophet Mohammed. The problem with the cartoons in its basic form is that an author of a childrens book needed drawings for his book, but was afraid to do so because Islamic virtue prohibits depiction of Muhammad and when the cultural Editor of Jyllands Posten got move of it he opted to use this as a catalyst for discussing immunity of Speech and therefore he had a number of artist draw up some cartoons of how they imagined Muhammad.This did stir up some debate in Denmark but not really that much, except for a few Muslim who matt-up really offend and tried to get the Danish population to ac companionship their outrage. This however did not happen and therefore they decided to journey to some(prenominal) Muslim countries with a commove containing the drawings and several other cartoons o f Muhammad which were said to be even more wretched to the typical Muslim, and some might argue that without these added drawings the response would have been less drastic. aft(prenominal) having spoke to a number of Danes, Norwegians and a few Finnish people the majority of the consensus was that they didnt want the government to exercise any apologies to the Islam world because as they say in Scandinavia the countries are all about opting for the freedom of speech.As Michael says They have a right to their voice But they dont seem to understand that the Danes have the right of free speech The problem was that the Danish people do not understand the respect some other people might have towards holiness in other parts of the world, since we do not take religion as much more than some traditions and rituals that you go trough in life. And some other parts of the world dont understand the Danish pride of having the freedom to say/do whatever they want. Danish people stands very st eadfast on the issue of freedom of speech, and will not tolerate that other people interfere with that, just because they were offended by some humorous drawings, which have been seen in many other cases, also with other religious figures. As Kasper Kataoka mentioned in his questionnaire, We know that Denmark is one of the most open and accepting countries in the world. There are a lot of Muslims and other foreigners living in our country, including myself. So when we see people in some far away country, yelling about Denmark being the devil, being a intolerant country and treating Muslims bad, while they are tramping on our flag, burning buildings and causing all kind of obscene violence then we brook even more respect.A real big problem was the role of the Imams, those from Denmark have been traveling around the Muslim world, showcasing homemade pictures with a pig reckon and a praying Muslim being taken from behind by a dog. These imams traveled around to cause an upset long af ter that the real pictures had actually been posted in the papers. Some of the pictures were even published in Egyptian papers long before people started protesting, and nothing happened back then. So what we believe is the reason for the escalation of the hale situation, is that the Muslims might have felt surprised by the western world for some time, and now they suddenly had something they could rally around. If there was an lei for certain answer to this, it would already have been done. But communication is what is needed mostly. The fact that the Danish prime minister turned down a talk with the Muslim ambassadors in the start was a stupid move. Now all who are able to see a bit open on this subject, and is able to do something, should. Talk with people on the other side whatever side you are on, try to get some more understanding of why everything is happening, and try to make the people around you understand.Also the Danish Muslims have a big responsibility to spread out the word to their fellow Muslims, of how the Danish community is. This is already being done it seems.In Norway things seemed to be a little more different the main newspapers VG and Dagbladet were the ones who showcased these imagery and a quick response from Truls revealed that, I had no reaction to the cartoon, as they are commonly used in Scandinavia. such drawings are meant to start a discussion, not fighting This is what is reflected in most of the answers given by the Norwegians in that they all didnt anticipate the level of response that they got. But many feel that there shouldnt have been any sort of defense and that the Norwegian embassies should not have been burnt.As Truls says Diplomacy goes before everything to solve problems. Religious leaders who are ignorant and are lacking in knowledge should be replaced. Whereas those present in the chilly areas of Finland hadnt seen it through newspapers since it was never published in any paper. But they did get to see it thr ough the internet sites.Most of them didnt even care enough to respond well and showed no real signs of interest or wanted to raise their voices. As teemu from Finland says An defense is an easy thing to do, especially if it solves problems this big. eventide if they didnt mean to cause this, you still apologies. Usually you apologies someone when you accidentally step on their foot or something. That was the extent of their level of co-operation.So we see that from the assume undertaken that the people werent really interested in knowing what was happening, most of them in Denmark hadnt even seen it in the papers. But many would have gone(a) out of their way to gain some more insight into the hale ordeal.many of the young that I spoke to didnt know what the big fuss was about the drawings and some of the youth in Norway even thought it was like a war between Christians and Muslims. (In their own words Islam world vs. Western world) To an extent it would see arrogant to us the way they responded but as mentioned, they didnt even feel the need to apologize. The newspapers were clearly advocating the freedom of speech and they paraded those values of theirs which they think actually symbolizes Scandinavia. Many of the newspapers in Denmark and Norway felt that they hadnt done much wrong and that the Muslims were overreacting to the whole issue.Another important note would be that the papers had actually apologized for their work and extended an apology as well, but the Muslims didnt seem to care too much as they wanted the governments to say sorry for the work of a newspaper. If the drawings were indeed meant to induce a discussion then why is it being used to induce violence in people?France and Germany / Liberal ReactionsThe liberal defends the right to speech, the right to freedom, the right to the freedom of expression above all others. Personal or collective offense is subjective and of lesser importance than the right to air discourse that could degen erate to an crime level.Benjamin Franklin once said that societies willing to give up little freedoms for a little more security deserve neither freedom nor security. The newspapers I have referred to in my analysis areLe Monde, FranceDer Spiegel, GermanyFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, GermanyDas Bild, GermanyThe Economist, Great BritainThe Guardian, Great BritainThe International Herald TribuneAll newspapers are set in a powerfully liberal tradition, and therefore exemplify the debate that perhaps lies at the heart of this misunderstanding and hatred. The West, set in its liberal traditions allows for Press Freedom like the Arab World just does not. Many Arabs found it shocking that Governments in the West cannot control what is published and what isnt by the Press.What was interesting here, however, were articles carried by Der Spiegel which were more sympathetic to the Muslim cause (one should remember, that though France and Germany are more liberal and stringent supporters of journalistic freedom they hold the largest Muslim populations (France via immigrants from North Africa and Germany via Turkish Immigrants) in Europe.Mass Media ResearchThis section will be short for now as a large part recurs in the final analysis, as the position taken by the Left Bank is generally the view you might associate with this paper as wellThe conclusion will deal with liberal views, the political ramifications of taking a stand on an issue like this and the economic fallout.The Indian Sub-ContinentTimes of India Friday, February 10, 2006 On Friday, February 10th 2006 The Times of India published an article attributing United Nations depository General Kofi Annan, who condemned the publication of the controversial Prophet Mohammed cartoons and advocated all steps to be taken to calm down the situation.He termed the articles as insensitive, offensive and provocative also stating that he was not against freedom of speech or expression.Sunday, February 12, 2006 This articl e told the story of the Muslim Protest march in the postulate capital. Carrying placards and tiptop anti-US and anti-Denmark slogans, they demanded that the respective governments apologize for hurting the religious sentiments. It was Maulana Sher Mohammed Madrasa Varisaya who interpreted the act as a violation of the religious liberties of believers of God. He demanded the United Nations to intervene and contrive an international law for prohibiting the repetition of any such act.Monday, February 13, 2006 Police fired tear gas and baton-charged about 7,000 students protesting the Prophet Mohammed cartoons on Monday in northwestern Pakistan. The crowd threw stones at Edwards College, break windows and causing other damages at the prestigious school founded by Christian missionaries during British colonial rule.The article claimed that the Muslims were angry because Islamic tradition interdict any depiction of the prophet. Under Pakistani laws, insulting the prophet or Islams ho ly book, the Quran, can be punished with the death sentence. Wednesday, February 15, 2006 gunfire and rioting erupted on Wednesday as more than 70,000 people joined Pakistans biggest protest yet against Prophet Muhammad cartoons, burning movie theaters, a KFC restaurant and a South Korean-run bus station. troika people died and dozens were injured in two cities, police and witnesses said. The rioters ransacked the offices of the Norwegian mobile anticipate company Telenor, three cinemas and offices of Mobilink the main mobile phone operator in the country, witnesses said.Thursday, February 16, 2006 Tens of thousands of Pakistani Islamists wielding sticks and waving green flags rallied in Karachi against cartoons of Prophet Mohammad on Thursday, the latest in a wave of protests in which five people have died.A branch of US-based Citibank, and an office of the German company Siemens, hung black flags to mask their logos, as did a Christian hospital and several cinemas on the rallys route.Saturday, February 18, 2006 At least 11 people died when Libyan police opened fire on demonstrators attempting to storm an Italian consulate during a protest against the caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed, Italian state television reported. Dozens were injured in the protest outside the Italian consulate in Benghazi, reports said on Friday. All the victims reportedly were Libyans.Sunday, February 19, 2006 Pakistani authorities arrested more than 100 activists of Islamic Jamaat-e- Islami (JI) and put its chief under house arrest ahead of an anti-cartoon demonstration. The Times of India more or less covered the violent protests that have rocked many parts of the world after the cartoons were reprinted in newspapers in several countries. They have focused mainly on Pakistan, the country which is largely dominated by Muslim population, followers of Islam.The articles have been solely matter of fact, stating incidences how they have occurred. There have been subtle expressions o f sentiments, like the TOI has covered mostly the riots and the arrests of Islamic activists in Pakistan.Hindustan Times February 10, 2006 The Hindustan Times were deeply alarmed at the repercussions of the publication in Denmark several months ago of insulting caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed and their subsequent re-publication by some other European newspapers and at the violent acts in reaction to them. They stated that anguish in the Muslim world is shared by all individuals and communities who grant the sensitivity of religious belief.February 10, 2006 This article gave us a brief about how the cartoons came into being, with the creators being threatened by the Islamic extremists. They also covered from where the article became a case of international conflict. They also spoke about the Danish Then a group of Danish imams took the cartoons to West Asia. Complaining of press bias, they distributed the drawings and, some say, construct a few of their own to ensure that unre st would be sown. Also stating that the Arab elites got into the game. Then ended as most articles did, on the victimized Muslims side.February 13, 2006 Vir Sanghvis candid expression that the silence of liberal Muslims was adding fuel to fire found favor with surfers. Like Sanghvi they chose to sprinkle their argument citing the recent incidents involving the offensive cartoons of the Prophet in Danish newspapers as well as MF Husseins nude paintings of Mother India.February 11, 2006 It talked about the latest religion vs. freedom of expression controversy the fuss over the Danish cartoons that feature the Prophet Mohammed. Vir Sanghvi said do statements that cause religious offence fall in the same category? To argue that they do, we would have to prove that they caused damage to the precaution of the religious assurance (the national security parallel) or that they affected the way the faith was perceived by society, or even lowered its standing. But surely none of the people who complain about insults to religion accept that the slights can have these consequences? Is the safety of Islam threatened because a Danish newspaper carries a cartoon? Is Islam so short a religion that a couple of cartoons can cause the world or society in general to think less of it? Clearly not. So, Im not sure on what grounds we could abridge the right to free speech when it comes to religion.If India is not to become a soft state, then we must stand up for liberal principles. We must stand up to the rioters, arrest those who foment violence and never, ever, give in to the blackmail. The Hindustan Times covered both sides of the coin. It gave us a whole idea about how the problem occurred, who was responsible and who instigated the whole process. It gives us both sides of the problems, framing it as mere as a Danish author wanting to publish it in her book.The Far-East and South-East Asia Major Newspapers in china/Hong Kong The China Daily is an English-language daily newsp aper published in the Peoples majority rule of China. The Communist political party of China-controlled state-run publication has the widest print circulation (200,000 per issue) among Englishlanguage newspapers in the country. The editorial office is in north Beijing, and the newspaper has branch offices in most major cities of China as well as in several foreign capitals.STANCEChina Daily was set up in 1985 and several journalists on the new paper support the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations. . The editor of China Daily, Zhu Ling, told foreign editors that the papers editorial policy was to support the policies of the Communist Party and only to make comment of authorities if there was deviance from Party policy.CONTENT ANALYSISThere were few editorials on the issue in the Post, which in itself says a lot, which shows how much importance was given to the issue in China/ Hong Kong. Other than the customary report, a certain report is interesting A top Taliban commander offer ed a settle with of 100 kilograms of opulent to anyone who kills the person responsible for blasphemous cartoons of the Prophet MohammedThis might not be directly indicative, however the inclusion of this article, which was ignored by other newspapers worldwide shows that China is not very pMedia Reaction to Muhammad CartoonsMedia Reaction to Muhammad CartoonsResearch ObjectiveA quantification of social dynamics and ethics in global society. It is the aim of this project to assess the relative reaction of newspapers and their readers to the publishing of the Muhammad cartoons in various parts of the World. Since the Muhammad cartoons will obviously have generated the most anger in the Middle East and North Africa we have chosen to ignore those major regions.The regions we focus on areThe United States of AmericaGreat Britain and EuropeThe Nations of ScandinaviaThe Left BankThe Indian Sub-ContinentThe Far East and South-East AsiaThe United States and Great Britain, of course, get s pecial mention because of their position as leaders of the Free World / leaders of the War against Terror and are by implication, leaders of the West who would possibly be (and indeed were) blamed for the publishing of those images (with their flags burned) regardless of their complicity or lack thereof in the publishing of the images (no main stream American or British paper republished the cartoons and all government officials condemned the publishing of the same as a lack of sensitivity towards the Muslim population of the World.The Scandinavian countries of course, have been some of the most passive and anti-War in the past and stood together as a matter of principle on this issue, and well see their reactions as well.The Left Bank to me comprises of the French and Germans and all liberal forms that were not directly involved in the original conflict. France and Germany were a bit divided, with the ministers in power slowly backtracking and calling for calm while the newspapers and opposition politicians lambasted the protests and called for their governments to condemn the negative reaction to the printing, as anti-democratic.We live in India of course, which also happens to have the worlds second-largest Muslim population after Indonesia, and it would therefore seem odd to not take into account the views professed here as also in the region around us. China is an upcoming Great Power and is highly influential in Asia, and we have so considered the reactions from the Far East and South-East Asia as well. That answers the who? of our paper but we have not quite covered the why? yet.We said that this is meant to be a quantification of the social dynamics in a Global Society. What does that entail?Well, a multitude of objects to be honest all of which are inter-linked, across the realm of the socio-political and the economic. While it is still early in the stage to measure a fall out we believe that it may be possible to extrapolate on the Raw data we gather ed from our content analysis, by which we can posit some possible ramifications for Governments and Businesses alike, and the Press too.The basic questions we ask ourselves in the analysis, then?What was the nature of the defense / consternation the Press involved itself in with relation to this issue?Was the language used inflammatory, did it attempt towards peacebrokering, did it make a definitive stand?What was the stand that papers took?What was the reaction the public gave to those points of view?The answers that we found were then funneled to add specific weight to our proposition, to contradict it, or to re-evaluate it.The PropositionThat Democracies furnish the Press with certain rights to publish that must not be curbed (the tabloid press is a different matterit is the mainstream Press we discuss here). That newspapers tend towards biases or political tilts is undoubtedly undeniable, and newspapers must not be open to government censure in the matter of press freedom. While it is imperative that newspapers publish with responsibility to all share-holders which in the field of Mass Media implies subscribers and second-hand (re-issues, internet) readers.What were trying to establish is what negative effects such stories can have upon the circulation of national newspapers and the reaction of the public to them and on the portrayal of either to the countries they deal with. There are multiple possibilities of where this research could be usedin social dynamics as we mentioned, in assessing press freedom or quantifying media ethics and also in more basic analyses like the reaction of people to such incidents, (such as the boycotting of Western-made products in many parts of the Muslim world) not even getting to protests involving mass flag and effigy and product burning We will discuss this further in our conclusionsSubjective AnalysesThe United States of AmericaFrom the voyages of Columbus-to the Oregon Trail to the journey to the Moon itself history pro ves that we have never lost by pressing the limits of our frontiers. George Bush, 20 July 1989 Firstly this starts off with a bit on the Post 9/11 reactions and observation of Americas response to the tragic attack on the World Trade Center in September 2001.There are two principal features of American nationalism, both of which were evident in the response to 9/11. These are, in spirit, to a great extent contradictory but they often run together in American public life. The first is a certain element of American messianism the belief in America as a city on the hill, a light to the nations, which usually takes the form of a belief in the force of Americas example. But at particular moments, and especially when America is attacked, it moves from a passive to an active form the desire to go out and actually turn the world into America, as it were, to convert other countries to democracy, to the American way of life.In principle, the desire to spread democracy in the world is of cours e not a bad thing. But there are two huge problems with it. One is that because this element of American messianism is so deeply rooted in American civic nationalism, in what has been called the American Creed, and in fundamental aspects of Americas national identity, it can produce and after 9/11 did produce an atmosphere of debate in America which is much more dominated by myth than by any serious look at the reality of the outside world. Myths about American benevolence, myths about America spreading freedom, myths about the rest of the world wanting America to spread freedom, as opposed to listening to what the rest of the world really has to say about American policies.The second feature that cuts across this American messianism, however, is what can be called the American antithesis, that is to say, those elements in the American nationalist tradition which actually contradict both American civic nationalism and the American Creed. These elements, which are very strong in pa rts of America, include national chauvinism, hatred of outsiders, and fear and contempt of the outside world. This is particularly true in the case of the Muslim world, both because America has been under attack from Muslim terrorists for almost two generations now, but also because of the relationship with Israel, and the way in which pro-Israeli influences here have contributed to demonizing the Muslim world in general.This results in an incredible situation on the one hand and there are here particularly the neo-cons the Bush administration who want to democratize the Muslim world, while on the other, neo-conservatives do not even bother to hide their contempt for Muslims and Arabs. Sometimes you hear, and even read, phrases like, The only language that Arabs understand is force, Let them hate us so long as they fear us and so on. This is utterly contradictory people saying they want to democratize the Arab world but displaying utter contempt for Arab public opinion. Of course this is not just a moral failing, or a propaganda failing. It also leads to practical disasters, like the extraordinary belief that you could pretend at least to be introducing democracy, and on the other hand, you could somehow impose Ahmed Chalabi on Iraqis as a pro-American strongman, and that somehow the local population would line up to salute you and happily accept this. The extent to which this is fundamental to the American national identity and is widely believed to keep Americans together means that it is very difficult in this country to challenge these myths When it comes to the newspapers in the United States there are those which take up a much more liberal stance while there are those that are hard and not targeted but go to the extremes of the phrase the land of the free. The one positive point of the country is that when it is said that there is freedom of speech, there is a lot of it, and because of which one has seen, documentaries (although on a single persons mi ndset) such as Fahrenheit 9/11 which although is extremely, targeting the Bush Administration but also reveals to the world the inner working of the worlds most powerful nation.In this Write up references taken up were from six American newspapers namelyThe New York TimesThe Boston GlobeThe Chicago TribuneThe Washington PostThe Los Angeles TimesNewsweek MagazineIn all 18 articles from these newspapers have been analyzed to give out an opinion of what American nationalism is and to what extent is it prevalent in some leading newspapers in the United States of America.Among the Newspapers taken up and the articles under reference a pattern can be seen that everyone follows each other and that only a few dare to twist the use of words to mention of names of officials and other people of importance. With the current invasion of Iraq and the ever growing resentment against the Americans by the Muslim World a majority of the articles will be based on Iraq, the Middle East, and terrorism a nd on the Muslim world. Since the attacks on 9/11 America has been in a never ending battle with terrorism, along with allied support from various other countries in the world. But does it justify its actions, the Invasion of Iraq, The bombings in Afghanistan, The claims of nuclear threat, even targeting Saddam Hussein. Is this all truly in the best interest of the world or just a game for the worlds most powerful nation. Where millions of people in these areas have lost their lives, damage of property estimated in millions, use of weapons in large quantities, destroying nations..Although these steps have already been taken by the U.S. it was now up to the newspapers in the country to report out the activities taking place in the war zone in which their country was playing a major part. As far as one can see, the newspapers do not seem to play a one-sided role or seem to tilt to a particular side but with reports from all angles in the battlefield and the repercussions back home one gets the feel that the newspapers are sensible and have a definite role which is positive in the world today. With a large cloud of disbelief and hatred and disgust looming over the Americans along with the outbursts of the Muslim community, today the American media and that of the world play a vital role in maintaining the stable atmosphere that we have today. The newspapers, one of the most powerful mediums of spreading awareness plays a pivotal role and an extremely delicate role keeping in mind sentiments of the various communities in the world. Seems to me like most people would be able to grasp the difference that being patriotic means loving America, while being nationalistic places America, which can do no wrong, above other nations. The former is good. Its healthy. It promotes pride in ones nation. The latter, however, is not good. Its very unhealthy. It promotes arrogance to the point of hostility.Arnold Toynbee once said Great empires do not die by murder, but suicide. W ould one say that its where the United States is heading?EuropeReport British newspapers and British reactions The cartoon strip published by Danish newspaper Jyllands Posten, depicted the prophet Mohammed with a ticking time bomb for his head sparked widespread protests and violent demonstration across Europe and Asia. The drawings were originally commissioned by Jyllands-Posten from Danish artists after an author could not find an illustrator to depict Mohammed in a biography of the Prophet. The Danish cartoonists submitted a range of images, all banned by Islam, which strictly forbids depictions of the Prophet to avoid encouraging idolatry .One depicts a grinning, knife-wielding Mohammed flanked by two veiled women. Another, which appeared on the front page of Die Welt in Germany, and in La Stampa in Italy, shows the Prophet wearing a bomb-shaped turban, topped by a hissing fuse. The Spanish newspaper ABC used a photograph of the original Danish newspaper, with its 12 cartoons. D ie Welt also ran an editorial regretting a decision by the Danish newspaper to apologize for the upset caused. The Jyllands Posten has not apologized but its editor, Carsten Juste, said he would not have printed them had we known that it would lead to boycotts and Danish lives being endangered.These episodes of protests and demonstrations have raised heightened debates on the limits that the press should adhere to. And to defend their rights to freedom of expression, some newspapers went ahead and reprinted the inflammatory comic strip. The result was just as expected, with individual rights at loggerheads with the rights of the press, the world watches as the fire spreads slowly yet steadily over different parts of the world. London witnessed some violent protests where people took to the streets and embraced the Al-Qaeda and calling for the beheading of non-believers. Following this reaction, the liberal Muslims, that constitute the majority of the Muslim population in London, wer e left aghast and quickly took to the street making clear they were not around to incite mindless violence. The organizers had carefully chosen banners which had simple messages like united against islamophobia, united against incitement, mercy to mankind and Mohammed, symbol of freedom and honor.Amongst the crowd were a number of white people who were opposing the sudden rise in violence. A rally held in Trafalgar Square on the 11th of February was backed by the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone. From among the crowd, a Mrs.Brka said, if you slap someone once, then okay, but if you slap someone 10 times, they will do something about it. This was in reaction to the reprinting of the comic strip by newspapers across Europe.Most of the violence that spread across the globe was completely reactionary and most were incited by imams who vehemently preached of the Jihad against the west. The press too held their own in defending their freedom of expression. In France the front page of the France-Soir tabloid carried the headline Yes, We Have the Right to Caricature God and a cartoon of Buddhist, Jewish, Muslim and Christian divinities floating on a cloud. Inside, the paper re-ran the Danish drawings. The appearance of the 12 drawings in the Danish press provoked emotions in the Muslim world because the representation of Allah and his prophet is forbidden, it said. But because no religious dogma can impose itself on a democratic and secular society, France Soir is publishing the incriminating caricatures.The protests during the later part of February in London were simply gatherings of Muslims from all over London in a bid for peace and toleranceScandinaviaReport Scandinavia Denmark, Norway and Finland In this part of the project well try to understand what had happened in Denmark with regards to the drawings on the prophet Mohammed. The problem with the cartoons in its basic form is that an author of a childrens book needed drawings for his book, but was afraid to d o so because Islamic law prohibits depiction of Muhammad and when the cultural Editor of Jyllands Posten got wind of it he opted to use this as a catalyst for discussing Freedom of Speech and therefore he had a number of artist draw up some cartoons of how they imagined Muhammad.This did stir up some debate in Denmark but not really that much, except for a few Muslim who felt really offended and tried to get the Danish population to acknowledge their outrage. This however did not happen and therefore they decided to journey to several Muslim countries with a file containing the drawings and several other cartoons of Muhammad which were said to be even more offensive to the typical Muslim, and some might argue that without these added drawings the response would have been less drastic. After having spoke to a number of Danes, Norwegians and a few Finnish people the majority of the consensus was that they didnt want the government to exercise any apologies to the Islam world because a s they say in Scandinavia the countries are all about opting for the freedom of speech.As Michael says They have a right to their voice But they dont seem to understand that the Danes have the right of free speech The problem was that the Danish people do not understand the respect some other people might have towards religion in other parts of the world, since we do not take religion as much more than some traditions and rituals that you go trough in life. And some other parts of the world dont understand the Danish pride of having the freedom to say/do whatever they want. Danish people stands very steadfast on the issue of freedom of speech, and will not tolerate that other people interfere with that, just because they were offended by some humorous drawings, which have been seen in many other cases, also with other religious figures. As Kasper Kataoka mentioned in his questionnaire, We know that Denmark is one of the most open and accepting countries in the world. There are a lo t of Muslims and other foreigners living in our country, including myself. So when we see people in some far away country, yelling about Denmark being the devil, being a intolerant country and treating Muslims bad, while they are tramping on our flag, burning buildings and causing all kind of obscene violence then we lose even more respect.A real big problem was the role of the Imams, those from Denmark have been traveling around the Muslim world, showcasing homemade pictures with a pig face and a praying Muslim being taken from behind by a dog. These imams traveled around to cause an upset long after that the real pictures had actually been posted in the papers. Some of the pictures were even published in Egyptian papers long before people started protesting, and nothing happened back then. So what we believe is the reason for the escalation of the whole situation, is that the Muslims might have felt surprised by the western world for some time, and now they suddenly had something they could rally around. If there was an easy answer to this, it would already have been done. But communication is what is needed mostly. The fact that the Danish prime minister turned down a talk with the Muslim ambassadors in the start was a stupid move. Now all who are able to see a bit open on this subject, and is able to do something, should. Talk with people on the other side whatever side you are on, try to get some more understanding of why everything is happening, and try to make the people around you understand.Also the Danish Muslims have a big responsibility to spread out the word to their fellow Muslims, of how the Danish community is. This is already being done it seems.In Norway things seemed to be a little more different the main newspapers VG and Dagbladet were the ones who showcased these imagery and a quick response from Truls revealed that, I had no reaction to the cartoon, as they are commonly used in Scandinavia. such drawings are meant to start a discussion, not fighting This is what is reflected in most of the answers given by the Norwegians in that they all didnt anticipate the level of response that they got. But many feel that there shouldnt have been any sort of apology and that the Norwegian embassies should not have been burnt.As Truls says Diplomacy goes before everything to solve problems. Religious leaders who are ignorant and are lacking in knowledge should be replaced. Whereas those present in the chilly areas of Finland hadnt seen it through newspapers since it was never published in any paper. But they did get to see it through the internet sites.Most of them didnt even care enough to respond well and showed no real signs of interest or wanted to raise their voices. As teemu from Finland says An apology is an easy thing to do, especially if it solves problems this big. Even if they didnt mean to cause this, you still apologies. Usually you apologies someone when you accidentally step on their foot or something. That was t he extent of their level of co-operation.So we see that from the study undertaken that the people werent really interested in knowing what was happening, most of them in Denmark hadnt even seen it in the papers. But many would have gone out of their way to gain some more insight into the whole ordeal.Many of the youth that I spoke to didnt know what the big fuss was about the drawings and some of the youth in Norway even thought it was like a war between Christians and Muslims. (In their own words Islam world vs. Western world) To an extent it would see arrogant to us the way they responded but as mentioned, they didnt even feel the need to apologize. The newspapers were clearly advocating the freedom of speech and they paraded those values of theirs which they think actually symbolizes Scandinavia. Many of the newspapers in Denmark and Norway felt that they hadnt done much wrong and that the Muslims were overreacting to the whole issue.Another important note would be that the paper s had actually apologized for their work and extended an apology as well, but the Muslims didnt seem to care too much as they wanted the governments to say sorry for the work of a newspaper. If the drawings were indeed meant to induce a discussion then why is it being used to induce violence in people?France and Germany / Liberal ReactionsThe liberal defends the right to speech, the right to freedom, the right to the freedom of expression above all others. Personal or collective offense is subjective and of lesser importance than the right to air discourse that could degenerate to an offensive level.Benjamin Franklin once said that societies willing to give up little freedoms for a little more security deserve neither freedom nor security. The newspapers I have referred to in my analysis areLe Monde, FranceDer Spiegel, GermanyFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, GermanyDas Bild, GermanyThe Economist, Great BritainThe Guardian, Great BritainThe International Herald TribuneAll newspapers a re set in a strongly liberal tradition, and therefore exemplify the debate that perhaps lies at the heart of this misunderstanding and hatred. The West, set in its liberal traditions allows for Press Freedom like the Arab World just does not. Many Arabs found it shocking that Governments in the West cannot control what is published and what isnt by the Press.What was interesting here, however, were articles carried by Der Spiegel which were more sympathetic to the Muslim cause (one should remember, that though France and Germany are more liberal and stringent supporters of journalistic freedom they hold the largest Muslim populations (France via immigrants from North Africa and Germany via Turkish Immigrants) in Europe.Mass Media ResearchThis section will be short for now as a large part recurs in the final analysis, as the position taken by the Left Bank is largely the view you might associate with this paper as wellThe conclusion will deal with liberal views, the political ramific ations of taking a stand on an issue like this and the economic fallout.The Indian Sub-ContinentTimes of India Friday, February 10, 2006 On Friday, February 10th 2006 The Times of India published an article attributing United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan, who condemned the publication of the controversial Prophet Mohammed cartoons and advocated all steps to be taken to calm down the situation.He termed the articles as insensitive, offensive and provocative also stating that he was not against freedom of speech or expression.Sunday, February 12, 2006 This article told the story of the Muslim Protest march in the state capital. Carrying placards and raising anti-US and anti-Denmark slogans, they demanded that the respective governments apologize for hurting the religious sentiments. It was Maulana Sher Mohammed Madrasa Varisaya who interpreted the act as a violation of the religious liberties of believers of God. He demanded the United Nations to intervene and formulate an int ernational law for prohibiting the repetition of any such act.Monday, February 13, 2006 Police fired tear gas and baton-charged about 7,000 students protesting the Prophet Mohammed cartoons on Monday in northwestern Pakistan. The crowd threw stones at Edwards College, breaking windows and causing other damages at the prestigious school founded by Christian missionaries during British colonial rule.The article claimed that the Muslims were angry because Islamic tradition bars any depiction of the prophet. Under Pakistani laws, insulting the prophet or Islams holy book, the Quran, can be punished with the death sentence. Wednesday, February 15, 2006Gunfire and rioting erupted on Wednesday as more than 70,000 people joined Pakistans biggest protest yet against Prophet Muhammad cartoons, burning movie theaters, a KFC restaurant and a South Korean-run bus station. Three people died and dozens were injured in two cities, police and witnesses said. The rioters ransacked the offices of the Norwegian mobile phone company Telenor, three cinemas and offices of Mobilink the main mobile phone operator in the country, witnesses said.Thursday, February 16, 2006 Tens of thousands of Pakistani Islamists wielding sticks and waving green flags rallied in Karachi against cartoons of Prophet Mohammad on Thursday, the latest in a wave of protests in which five people have died.A branch of US-based Citibank, and an office of the German company Siemens, hung black flags to mask their logos, as did a Christian hospital and several cinemas on the rallys route.Saturday, February 18, 2006 At least 11 people died when Libyan police opened fire on demonstrators attempting to storm an Italian consulate during a protest against the caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed, Italian state television reported. Dozens were injured in the protest outside the Italian consulate in Benghazi, reports said on Friday. All the victims reportedly were Libyans.Sunday, February 19, 2006 Pakistani authorities a rrested more than 100 activists of Islamic Jamaat-e- Islami (JI) and put its chief under house arrest ahead of an anti-cartoon demonstration. The Times of India more or less covered the violent protests that have rocked many parts of the world after the cartoons were reprinted in newspapers in several countries. They have focused mainly on Pakistan, the country which is largely dominated by Muslim population, followers of Islam.The articles have been solely matter of fact, stating incidences how they have occurred. There have been subtle expressions of sentiments, like the TOI has covered mostly the riots and the arrests of Islamic activists in Pakistan.Hindustan Times February 10, 2006 The Hindustan Times were deeply alarmed at the repercussions of the publication in Denmark several months ago of insulting caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed and their subsequent re-publication by some other European newspapers and at the violent acts in reaction to them. They stated that anguish in the Muslim world is shared by all individuals and communities who recognize the sensitivity of religious belief.February 10, 2006 This article gave us a brief about how the cartoons came into being, with the creators being threatened by the Islamic extremists. They also covered from where the article became a case of international conflict. They also spoke about the Danish Then a group of Danish imams took the cartoons to West Asia. Complaining of press bias, they distributed the drawings and, some say, fabricated a few of their own to ensure that unrest would be sown. Also stating that the Arab elites got into the game. Then ended as most articles did, on the victimized Muslims side.February 13, 2006 Vir Sanghvis candid expression that the silence of liberal Muslims was adding fuel to fire found favor with surfers. Like Sanghvi they chose to sprinkle their argument citing the recent incidents involving the offensive cartoons of the Prophet in Danish newspapers as well as MF Husse ins nude paintings of Mother India.February 11, 2006 It talked about the latest religion vs. freedom of expression controversy the fuss over the Danish cartoons that featured the Prophet Mohammed. Vir Sanghvi said do statements that cause religious offence fall in the same category? To argue that they do, we would have to prove that they caused damage to the safety of the religious faith (the national security parallel) or that they affected the way the faith was perceived by society, or even lowered its standing. But surely none of the people who complain about insults to religion accept that the slights can have these consequences? Is the safety of Islam threatened because a Danish newspaper carries a cartoon? Is Islam so weak a religion that a couple of cartoons can cause the world or society in general to think less of it? Clearly not. So, Im not sure on what grounds we could abridge the right to free speech when it comes to religion.If India is not to become a soft state, then we must stand up for liberal principles. We must stand up to the rioters, arrest those who foment violence and never, ever, give in to the blackmail. The Hindustan Times covered both sides of the coin. It gave us a whole idea about how the problem occurred, who was responsible and who instigated the whole process. It gives us both sides of the problems, framing it as mere as a Danish author wanting to publish it in her book.The Far-East and South-East Asia Major Newspapers in China/Hong Kong The China Daily is an English-language daily newspaper published in the Peoples Republic of China. The Communist Party of China-controlled state-run publication has the widest print circulation (200,000 per issue) among Englishlanguage newspapers in the country. The editorial office is in north Beijing, and the newspaper has branch offices in most major cities of China as well as in several foreign capitals.STANCEChina Daily was set up in 1985 and several journalists on the new paper supported t he 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations. . The editor of China Daily, Zhu Ling, told foreign editors that the papers editorial policy was to support the policies of the Communist Party and only to make criticism of authorities if there was deviance from Party policy.CONTENT ANALYSISThere were few editorials on the issue in the Post, which in itself says a lot, which shows how much importance was given to the issue in China/ Hong Kong. Other than the customary report, a certain report is interesting A top Taliban commander offered a reward of 100 kilograms of gold to anyone who kills the person responsible for blasphemous cartoons of the Prophet MohammedThis might not be directly indicative, however the inclusion of this article, which was ignored by other newspapers worldwide shows that China is not very p

Genetic Engineering - Genetics and the Future of Medicine Essay

Genetics and the Future of musicAround the world and all through time that man-kind has walked the earth, medicaments arrest been used to cure a variety of diseases and disorders. The field of medicine has made astonishing advancements from the times of Voo Doo and medicines simply being successful due to the placebo effect, to the current studies of medicine that physically cure. Todays pharmaceutical industry is said to be one size fits all, in the belief that one kind of medicament for a certain problem, is the right medicine for everyone. This idea could be part of the distant past. Using genetics, a certain kind of medicine could be prescribed so that there be no gene inducing side effects, and to receive the outgo results. On the other hand, genetics in the future leave be able to prevent genetic disorders far before symptoms arise. Research and advancements in genetics go forth be the new wave of medicine.DNA varies from soulfulness to person, and these tiny vari ations could mean different effects of medication. According to an article titled Medicine Gets Personal by Marc Wortman, published in Technology Review, this could play a big role of medicines of the future. Eventually, knowledge of ones personal genome will help ones doctor decide which medication could be the best for him/her. With this genetic information, the doctor will know whether or not the prescription will carry any hazardous side affects. The tiny variations of DNA are called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In order to be able to decipher how certain medications will interact with DNA, scientists must first identify as numerous variations as possible and figure out which ones have a significance in the effects of medicines. ... ...be the answer to solving many medical mysteries that have remained unresolved for centuries. People will have to make a decision that will affect life dramatically. Though there are the drawbacks, an individual will have to c hoose what is more important to them. Should one get the genetic treatment and live a full life, but possibly be discriminated against? As argue to choosing to not choosing to receive the genetic treatment and know that they are insured and employed, though the person might suffer. The decision should be up to the patient. Genetic therapy will be the new wave in the field of medicine, and it could save lives.Works CitedBoyle, Philip J. Shaping Priorities in Genetic Medicine. The Hastings Center Report v. 25 (May/June 1995) p. S2-S8Wortman, Marc. Medicine Gets Personal. Technology Review v.104 no1 (Jan/Feb 2001) p. 72-78

Intertwined Cultures in the Writings of Jhumpa Lahiri Essay -- Literar

Charlemagne was once quoted having said To have a second language is to have a second soul (Kushner 29). In achieving effective comprehension of another language, one in addition gains insight into the culture of foreign individuals. It is common knowledge that in the modern world, English is the dominant tongue. Yet, bilingualism, even multilingualism, is a sure sign of possessing the scarce knowledge of cultural diversity. As American society becomes more accepting of various cultures in its politics and education, foreign voices also appear more in American literature. The diversity of origins of the latest young writers is vast In The New Yorkers 2010 Top 20 Under 40 list of new American writers, over one-third were not born in this country. Their homes cross the globe, from Latvia to Peru (Top 20 Under 40). The rise in popularity of stories of these bicultural writers can be attributed to the changing of attitudes in America. Our history and present is laden with the account s of immigrants. Their perspectives are fresh and bursting with talent. Jhumpa Lahiri, a female Bengali author, gained prominence after she was listed in the 1999 edition of the Top 20 Under 40. That same year, her collection of short stories Interpreter of Maladies was published, and went on to sell millions of copies worldwide. Lahiri in particular is well cognise for, in the words of Aviya Kushner, translating the immigrant experience for us, often lyricallyas the English-born child of immigrants, she can move smoothly between both worlds, marveling and assuring us that, yes, it pass on be all right (Kushner 27). In many of her short stories, Lahiri focuses on that transition from a foreign culture-in her case, Indian-to American culture. More than oft... ... May 2012. . Kakutani, Michiko. BOOKS OF THE TIMES A Broken Body in Shiny, New China. The New York Times. The New York Times, 04 July 2008. Web. 4 May 2012. . Kushner, Aviya. McCulture. The Wilson Quartlerly 33.1 (2009) 2 2-29. JSTOR. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Dec. 2009. Web. 2 May 2012. . Lahiri, Jhumpa. Interpreter of Maladies Stories. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1999. Print. Ranjini, V., and N. Ramakrishna. Immigrant engender In Jhumpa Lahiris Interpreter Of Maladies And The Namesake. Poetcrit 21.1 (2008) 64-74. Literary Reference Center Plus. Web. 5 May 2012Tyrell, Michael. Interpreter of Maladies Review. Harvard Review 17 (1999) 198-199. JSTOR. Web. 4 May 2012.